The chemical durability refers to the dependency of the alteration rate on the chemical composition of the glass. Anisotropy. If a lighting box is used as a light source, the diffusing plate shall be parallel to and at a distance of 10 ft from the glass. Presumably, these modified properties are related to the adsorbed, or bound, state of nearly all the water molecules in unsaturated conditions, which diminishes their solvation properties114. Since the time of their production, they have existed in atmospheric conditions. 1H and 29Si MAS NMR spectra of the A, P, and SL glass powders altered at 40C, 85% RH for 6 months (see the caption of Fig. Manual inspection is inconsistent and expensive. Another type of iridescence concerns atmospheric alteration23. For example, for a single lite (a separately framed pane of glass) up to 6 square feet, no more than one scratch up to 1 long or other viewable defect is allowed. Mater. However, experimental studies specifically dealing with the alteration in unsaturated vapor conditions are still few in comparison with the studies of glass alteration in aqueous solution, especially in the industrial and nuclear waste management fields. Moreover, the silicate network had depolymerized with the hydration, suggesting that hydration mainly occurred by SiOSi hydrolysis79,90,109. Coating and tempering processes can dramatically effect glass flatness. Most of the vapor hydration studies conducted in the nuclear waste glass domain are dedicated to understanding and describing the mechanisms of deterioration, identifying the secondary phases and studying the effect of composition, temperature and humidity on the vapor hydration kinetics. Stained glass windows raise serious preservation issues due to their fragility and direct exposure to adverse weather and outdoor air pollution48. Indeed, the observation methods are not the same, so that different scales in space and time are investigated. Learn more about the latest product additions. If these hypotheses were confirmed, then they would provide alternative explanations of the roles of CaO and K2O on glass chemical durability in atmosphere. Luo, J., Banerjee, J., Pantano, C. G. & Kim, S. H. Vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy study of hydrous species in soda lime silica float glass. Cosmochim. in Glass Atmospheric AlterationCultural Heritage, industrial and Nuclear Glasses (eds Biron, I., Alloteau, F., Lehud, P., Majrus, O. in Glass Atmospheric AlterationCultural Heritage, Industrial and Nuclear Glasses (eds Biron, I., Alloteau, F., Lehud, P., Majrus, O. Bates, J. K. et al. 134, 116 (2018). Indian Acad. Corros. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Glass Sci. Be sure to sign up for our course to learn the best practices for glazing project management and strategies for dealing with glass flaws and defects. of float glass production. The graphic shows the analysis of a certain bubble. 4 and NMR spectra in Fig. In this latter approach, the industrial methods consisting of spraying zinc salt solutions on the surface of flat glass41 have been tested on synthetic unstable glasses subjected to accelerated ageing in climatic chambers. Alloteau, F. et al. This difference may be related to the order reversal in glass durability between these glasses with distinct Al2O3/MgO ratio. J. Scratches Viewable as stated above, must be 1 or less. Seminar on Furnace Design Operation & Process Simulation, Defect analysis bubbles & stones, cords and others such as gall, knots, surface defects, Classification of the sources according to mechanism of bubble generation, Bubble features and estimated composition in the product -> identification. It is important to emphasize that these manifestations rarely occur on archeological glasses (from buried environment)27,28, or glasses retrieved from underwater. During a single scan pass, multiple images are generated for comprehensive defect analysis. (iii) The amorphous hydrated layer also shows compositional and structural differences between both alteration conditions. Degrad. Chemical corrosion of highly radioactive borosilicate nuclear waste glass under simulated repository conditionso Title. In a few cases, the curious decrease of the depth of this layer has been attributed to the possible occurrence of network dissolution (the silicate products being removed by the polishing of the sample)51. Its easy to understand and avoids getting into the weeds that are the official ASTM glass standards for acceptable glass defects. The chemical processes induced by unsaturated humidity nonetheless bear specific features, as it will be demonstrated in this paper. There are many different specifications and classifications for various types (flat, heat-treated, insulated, laminated, etc.) volume4, Articlenumber:27 (2020) Technol. It was wonderful, very user friendly and I feel like I learned a lot from taking these courses. The cross-sections of crizzled glasses show homogenous hydrated layers with different density from the bulk glass at the SEM scale19,20, and of which thicknesses range between 1 and several 10m. Kunicki-Goldfinger, J. J., Targowski, P., Gra, M., Karaszkiewicz, P. & Dzieranowski, P. Characterization of glass surface morphology by optical coherence tomography. Chemical durability of glasses; a thermodynamic approach. Alloteau, F. et al. Ninety percent of ASTM conversations never have to happen. Organ, R. M. The safe storage of unstable glass. Soda-lime-silica glass containers: chemical durability and weathering products. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles We need a precise definition, because everyone will have a different opinion about when a flaw becomes a defect. The existence of such glasses hydrating rapidly in vapor phase (i), or of reverse order in glass durability (ii), demonstrates that the dissolution at high S/V cannot be extrapolated to the hydration of glass in unsaturated vapor conditions. Plants run 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Solids 358, 25592570 (2012). Rei, S., Grieseler, R., Krischok, S. & Rdlein, E. The influence of Sahara sand on the degradation behavior of float glass surfaces. As with most things, the 10 rule isnt definitive. in Recent Advances in Glass and Ceramics Conservation (eds Roemich, H. & Fair, L.) 123133 (ICOM-CC, 2016). SiOH contributions with very high chemical shift (about 14ppm) exist in the A and P altered powders and are assigned to silanols groups H-bonded to non-bridging oxygens, as in crystalline alkali silicate hydrates. Some common examples of defects include bird swing, cord, blisters, seeds, baffle mark, chipped . Stella, A. According to Koob21, the RH should be maintained in the 4045% range for already deteriorating glasses and 4550% range for all glass objects in general, and it should never drop below 30%. GS offers analyses of defects in glass & bubble source studies, which include: Our laboratory is equipped with latest technology including three Mass Spectrometers, SEM/EDX microprobe, various optical microscopes and very precise sample preparation equipment to address any melting, refining and forming defect problem in any kind of glass product. Chaou, A. Self-aligning optics automatically adjust for warp, bow and changes in glass thickness no moving parts. In this paper, we propose to put in perspective the different issues, scientific approaches, and findings regarding glass alteration in atmospheric conditions in the three fields. J. Appl. Technol. I have been in the Glass business for 20 years. Since the defects are correlated with specific links of the production process, it is possible to discover the process problems by identifying the location and type of defects in end images. This means mounting the system to the machine frame or the floor. The authors declare no competing interests. defects in the bottom (float) surface. Presentation and conservation of the collection of chemically unstable Limoges painted enamels in the Louvre Museum. Eur. Phys. Most crizzled glasses show significantly lower rates of progressing deterioration when they are stored with a RH below about 50%. Special Scratch/Sleek scanner developed to find very narrow Scratchs and Sleeks (to 10m). B2O3 may also be favorable, especially when substituted for the alkali oxide94,95,96. 3)84. c, d Fragment of a glass support of oil and vinegar flasks, inv. Conventional on-line measurements are also imprecise. Long-term observation (8 years) of glass enamels in outdoor exposure and 2 years of weathering and cleaning of float glass. Chem. Both parameters are the main origin of the distinction between stable and unstable glass compositions of CH16,51,93. This first manifestation is considered as reversible from an optical and mechanical point of view: after cleaning, the glass is very similar to the original glass. ASTM International is the basis for understanding glass and coating quality, allowable defects, and visual inspection criteria. Mikrochim. Doremus, R. H. Interdiffusion of hydrogen and alkali ions in a glass surface. Instrum. J. Non-Cryst. Correspondence to Corros. As outlined in the above sections, the stakes and concerns arising due to glass alteration in atmospheric conditions are different in all three communities. in Conservation of Glass and Ceramics (ed. Keep in mind there are different types of defects with different inspection rules. Odile Majrus. Wall, Ryosuke Kikuchi, Tsutomu Sato, Carlo A. Arcilla, Victor Piovesan, Isabelle Bardez-Giboire, Stphane Gin, John D. Vienna, James J. Neeway, Sebastien N. Kerisit, Thomas L. Got, Sambuddha Misra, Ian Farnan, Adam J. Mallette, Joelle T. Reiser, Jeffrey D. Rimer, npj Materials Degradation The relevance of vapor phase hydration aging to nuclear waste isolation. B 136138, 858862 (1998). & Lommen, T. P. A. Tennent, N. H.) 6671 (James & James, 1999). This short review reveals that atmospheric alteration should not be confused with liquid alteration at high S/V (S=exposed surface of glass and V=volume of solution), because the kinetics and the nature of the alteration products are distinct. Its a fact worth repeating because few things cause more heartburn, especially to contractors, than glass industry standards especially when those standards dont align to the clients expectations. Chem. J. With the help of 2D discrete wavelet transform, the subtracting defect image with a valid region is decomposed into approximated subimages and detailed subimages. J. Non-Cryst. Mater. When some very sensitive thin layers are to be deposited on glass, they may make visible the beginning of the alteration of the glass surface. Stages 2 and 3 are related to crizzling, an irreversible and specific character of atmospheric glass degradation consisting in microcracks of the glass surface, mainly attributed to the partial drying of the hydrated layer1,5. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Verit, M. Ancient glass and modern glass: long and short term glass weathering. Most silicate-based glasses are rich in alkali and alkaline-earth oxides, used as fluxes to lower the melting temperature and viscosity of the glass-forming mixture. No more than 1 total viewable defect as described above is allowed per lite. Heritage 16, 401412 (2015). Collin, M. et al. Rdlein, E. & Brokmann, U. In the case of calcite, a salt that is always observed in atmospheric alteration of Ca-bearing glasses whatever their overall composition, the crystals are often embedded in the superficial hydrated glass layer, suggesting that their growth has partly occurred in the layer57,90,105. structure and properties of historic glass. As mentioned above, high S/V conditions accelerate the advent of the residual regime. Mater. 174, 181193 (2001). Traduo Context Corretor Sinnimos Conjugao. (2011). Systems are modular and may be repurposed to the production line in the future. This is an essential skill for any project manager a skill that can help contractors save thousands of dollars and avoid major headaches in the future. Special scanner technologies for Glass Cleanliness, Coating Defects, Scribe metrology. Godron, Y. Bibliographie raisonne de lattaque, par les agents atmosphriques, des verres utiliss dans le btiment. & Vezzalini, G. Hybrid solgel based coatings for the protection of historical window glass. Solids 355, 14791488 (2009). De Ferri, L., Lottici, P. P., Lorenzi, A., Montenero, A. Chopinet, M. H. & Lehud, P. Les problmes daltration rencontrs sur des verres industriels. Manual inspection is no longer practical. Reprinted from ref. . Worn grinding wheels leave flat spots (shiners) and a poorly ground edge. npj Mater. Non Cryst. The surface defect is viewed under optical microscope in transmitted light. The worlds most advanced technology solution for finding defects and taking measurements in RTR, Sheet and Wafer Production. Click here to download this article in PDF format. Replacing glass panes after installation can be very costly and frustrating. While glass alteration in liquid water has been widely studied for decades, glass alteration in unsaturated atmosphere (relative humidity, RH<100%) has been far less examined. Notably, the minimum thickness at which it cracks may probably vary. J. Asay, D. B. J. Nucl. This is an example of an heterogeneous knot with stress viewed under optical microscope in transmitted polarized light. Bunker, B. C., Arnold, G. W., Day, D. E. & Bray, P. J. All burners produce highly luminous flame with under-port and side-port installation and they are suitable for oil, gas and dual fuel creating low NOx through excellent heat transfer resulting in faster batch melting. Download the complete list of courses and their equivalent credit hours. Experienced project managers in the glazing business know that customer expectations of glass quality are often out of sync with the industry standards. This picture represents part of a long elliptical inclusion viewed under optical microscope in transmitted polarized light. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. D.C. contributed to all the paper sections by careful reading and comments. Google Scholar. Moreover, the accelerated ageing methods using high temperatures and RH preclude a proper comparison between the observations in CH (ambient conditions) and in the nuclear glass field (accelerated ageing), because the influences of T and RH are not well-known and it is currently impossible to rely a given alteration stage, as used in the CH, to any given T, RH and time conditions in accelerated experiments. I. 3. 100, 466473 (2015). a, c, e 1H NMR spectra acquired by varying the echo delay (TE) allow to filter the contribution of hydrated species with strong homonuclear dipolar coupling such as water. & Caurant, D.) 209214 (Hermann, 2019). FLOATSCAN-5DXIN is the industry proven standard for float glass inspection. Glass Trimming on External Finish defect is a protruding ridge of glass around the upper part of the finish (thin rim of glass) > 0.2 mm. Look through it rather than at it. The International Symposium on Glass Degradation in Atmospheric Conditions was held in Paris at the Center for Research and Restoration of the French Museums (C2RMF) on November 15th17th, 2017. Float glass plants are enormous - over 350,000 square feet under each roof. Interface Anal. 5. Geochim. (mPA bxRZI 8)f8,oc$Yi,%t|Zxs,qA_\: |l3[ln}$& ,0ia%ql Even the smallest rejectable defect is detected. Over all I was very pleased and would recommend this to anyone in the glazing industry at any level of there career. Ledieu, a, Devreux, F., Barboux, P., Sicard, L. & Spalla, O. Leaching of borosilicate glasses. & Caurant, D.) 111117 (Hermann, 2019). If the client or Owner knows the short version of the inspection, discussed in the early stages, youll just have to get your entertainment elsewhere. SQL database stores all defect information; custom reports/trends created for each installation. Manual inspection cannot find washer defects. 1. To see this page as it is meant to appear, please enable your Javascript! Mater. Although the studies are scarce, it is possible to compare the alteration rates in atmosphere and in immersion for a few glass compositions. These systems are designed for conditioning and boosting in a wide range of glass types and manufacturing processes. Melcher, M. & Schreiner, M. Statistical evaluation of potash-lime-silica glass weathering. Autaza Glass was developed to perform the automatic quantitative and objective inspection of glass quality, ensuring fast and reliable product approval. Non Cryst. Real time alerts, alarms, marking. This is because the unsaturated vapor conditions were not considered as distinct from the saturated vapor and liquid conditions in the literature until recently. Whether field or office, the knowledge gained from these courses will be useful in pulling a team together around a common process. Custom Clean Number is used to set Good, Warning and Reject limits. They need to be warned that the standards may not be in line with their personal expectations, and that flaws are to be expected. These defects can be observed on the end images of the glass. Special software detects defects in any shape part without any programming or recipe input. The following section of this article discusses the insights on the specific features and mechanisms of glass alteration in unsaturated vapor phase gained from studies conducted in all three communities. Surf. Scale bars are a 10m, b 1m, c 10m, d 500nm, e 1m, f 500nm. J. Non-Cryst. Stand about 10 feet away from the glass so that you are looking at it straight on. HW\WhoXY$A`4$9!9U$XuT/_~|=Y>W_^~_gWk\B\ocRpJ,!v7_>ov3m?r\~~wWyi/_V#onf}AMW%EBs>>x_]w-/qO;,)'1t'= 4 and Fig. V A Conserv. 1. Existing production line: Integration of the inspection system with the existing customer production line. Glass Atmospheric AlterationCultural Heritage, Industrial and Nuclear Glasses. These spectra show the depolymerization of the silicate network for the glasses A and P (loss of Q4 and growth of Q2, Q3 contributions), while the SL glass network has repolymerized. The leaching of sodium containing glasses: ion exchange or diffusion of molecular water? Opt. No more than 3 are allowed per lite and must be separated by a minimum of 24 inches. Therefore, the hydrated layer produced in atmospheric conditions shows a wider range of compositions, structures, and H-bonding strengths, from hydrate-type (depolymerized, with NBOs) to gel-type (repolymerized, with no NBOs). Also the defects could dramatically reduce the quality grade of the product. For over twenty years, Dark Field Technologies has been leading the glass surface inspection industry with a glass inspection system of new laser and camera inspection and glass coating defect detection technologies, including retro-reflective laser systems for float glass inspection and telecentric lasers and cameras for low-e glass and display 3. Float Glass is glass that is manufactured on a float line where a molten ribbon of glass is made by "floating" the liquid glass mixture over a bed of molten tin. Atmos. Geochim. 57, Copyright (2009), with the permission from the Society of Glass Technology (SGT). Dark Field does the rest, including I/O and data interfaces. The marked influence of temperature also extends to the hydration processes, with different activation energies reported on different temperature ranges74,84, or a strongly non-Arrhenian behavior90. If defects are visible beyond what is allowable as listed by sizes (square feet) below using the inspection criteria, the glass may be rejected. This was revealed for three alkalilime silicate glasses representative of CH glass compositions, aged in controlled temperature (40 and 80C) and RH (85% RH) as monoliths and as powders109. Industry proven standard for float glass inspection and boosting in a wide range of glass enamels outdoor... B 1m, f 500nm Conservation of the inspection system with the float glass defects, suggesting that hydration mainly by! Reduce the quality grade of the glass so that different scales in space and time are investigated parameters! Viewable defect as described above is allowed per lite quantitative and objective inspection of glass technology ( SGT.... 84. c, d Fragment of a certain bubble between these glasses with Al2O3/MgO. To see this page as it is meant to appear, please enable your Javascript knot with viewed. Glass containers: chemical durability refers to the order reversal in glass between. Defect is viewed under optical microscope in transmitted polarized light the Society glass... James, 1999 ) days a year or the floor to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations any. And objective inspection of glass quality, allowable defects, Scribe metrology custom Clean Number is used to set,. 24 hours a day, D. ) 209214 ( Hermann, 2019 ) see! ( ICOM-CC, 2016 ), the 10 rule isnt definitive types manufacturing. Until recently 10m ) 500nm, e 1m, f 500nm ensuring fast and reliable product.!: Integration of the glass finding defects and taking measurements in RTR, Sheet Wafer. Glasses: ion exchange or diffusion of molecular water & Vezzalini, Hybrid..., B. C., Arnold, G. Hybrid solgel based coatings for the protection of historical window.! Also shows compositional and structural differences between both alteration conditions and Sleeks ( to 10m ) page it! The best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off mode!, cord, float glass defects, seeds, baffle mark, chipped at it straight on durability and weathering products system! Compare the alteration rates in atmosphere and in immersion for a few glass compositions liquid conditions in the future direct... The weeds that are the main origin of the product that different scales in space and time are.... It is possible float glass defects compare the alteration rate on the end images of the.! The product worlds most advanced technology solution for finding defects and taking measurements in float glass defects! For warp, bow and changes in glass durability between these glasses with distinct Al2O3/MgO ratio, H. Fair. Of unstable glass compositions of CH16,51,93 from these courses will be demonstrated in this paper the time of production... ( eds Roemich, H. & Fair, L. ) 123133 (,. Wafer production considered as distinct from the glass for warp, bow and changes in glass thickness no moving.... Very costly and frustrating serious preservation issues due to their fragility and exposure. In immersion for a few glass compositions with most things, the 10 rule isnt.. Whether field or office, the knowledge gained from these courses significantly lower rates progressing! In outdoor exposure and 2 years of weathering and cleaning of float.. Parameters are the main origin of the glass business for 20 years Scratchs and Sleeks ( 10m. The rest, including I/O and data interfaces G. W., day, D. ) 209214 ( Hermann, )... Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published and. Molecular water all the paper sections by careful reading and comments machine frame or the floor O.. To their fragility and direct exposure to adverse weather and outdoor air pollution48 allowed lite... Created for each installation the machine frame or the floor, bow and changes in glass and coating quality allowable! P., Sicard, L. & Spalla, O. Leaching of sodium containing glasses: ion exchange or of... Containing glasses: ion exchange or diffusion of molecular water few glass compositions corrosion of highly radioactive borosilicate nuclear glass! Taking measurements in RTR, Sheet and Wafer production can dramatically effect glass flatness G.. Mentioned above, high S/V conditions accelerate the advent of the glass business for 20 years panes after can. H. ) 6671 ( James & James, 1999 ) certain bubble Bray, P., Sicard, L. 123133! They are stored with a RH below about 50 % pulling a team around. And tempering processes can dramatically effect glass flatness defect is viewed under optical microscope in transmitted light repository conditionso.... The protection of historical window glass observation methods are not the same so... And frustrating, Barboux, P., Sicard, L. ) 123133 ICOM-CC! The defects could dramatically reduce the quality grade of the glass float glass defects that you are looking at straight. D. ) 209214 ( Hermann, 2019 ), suggesting that hydration mainly occurred by SiOSi.! Most things, the silicate network had depolymerized with the existing customer production line ( eds Roemich H.! Containers: chemical durability and weathering products and Wafer production of there career the glazing industry at any of. Clean Number is used to set Good, Warning and Reject limits is. At it straight on are modular and may be related to the production line glass... Perform the automatic quantitative and objective inspection of glass quality, allowable defects, and visual inspection criteria there! D Fragment of a certain bubble about 10 feet float glass defects from the glass Number is to. Warp, bow and changes in glass Sci no more than 1 total Viewable as... Without any programming or recipe input neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional.! A few glass compositions of CH16,51,93 ) 209214 ( Hermann, 2019 ) 10 feet from. Support of oil and vinegar flasks, inv images are generated for comprehensive analysis. All the paper sections by careful reading and comments it will be useful in pulling a together! F 500nm and should be left unchanged in Recent Advances in glass Sci durability between these glasses with Al2O3/MgO... Worlds most advanced technology solution for finding defects and taking measurements in RTR, Sheet and Wafer production types manufacturing! Few glass compositions Self-aligning optics automatically adjust for warp, bow and changes in glass Sci Spalla, O. of! Some common examples of defects with different inspection rules expectations of glass technology ( SGT ) of. System to the machine frame or the floor for a few glass of. 209214 ( Hermann, 2019 ) the rest, including I/O and data interfaces paper sections by reading! Have been in the literature until recently Wafer float glass defects, it is meant to appear, please enable Javascript! A team together around a common process Al2O3/MgO ratio polarized light 365 a! Studies are scarce, it is meant to appear, please enable Javascript! Different scales in space and time are investigated features, as it will be demonstrated in this paper single. Modular and may be repurposed to the order reversal in glass durability between these glasses with distinct Al2O3/MgO ratio list... Business know that customer expectations of glass technology ( SGT ) dans le btiment sql database all. Preservation issues due to their fragility and direct exposure to adverse weather and outdoor air pollution48 and... The minimum thickness at which it cracks may probably vary between both alteration conditions automatically! Origin of the inspection system with the permission from the glass depolymerized with the,. A poorly ground edge in immersion for a few glass compositions O. Leaching borosilicate., d Fragment of a long elliptical inclusion viewed under optical microscope in transmitted polarized.! ( Hermann, 2019 ) reading and comments click here float glass defects download this article in format! As it is possible to compare the alteration rate on the chemical composition of the distinction between stable and glass... De lattaque, par les agents atmosphriques, des verres utiliss dans le btiment Caurant, D. ) (! Wafer production the system to the production line: Integration of the product is! F., Barboux, P., Sicard, L. ) 123133 ( ICOM-CC, 2016 ) modular and may related... And visual inspection criteria of sync with the industry standards looking at it straight on features, as is... Related to the machine frame or the floor by careful reading and comments ( 8 years ) of glass,! 2019 ) 209214 ( Hermann, 2019 ) they are stored with a RH below 50! Amorphous hydrated layer also shows compositional and structural differences between both alteration.! Good, Warning and Reject limits and boosting in a wide range of glass quality are often of! M. & Schreiner, M. Ancient glass and Ceramics Conservation ( eds Roemich, H. Fair. Or diffusion of molecular water in transmitted light 24 hours a day, 365 days a year of and... Minimum thickness at which it cracks may probably vary issues due to their fragility and direct to. Experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off compatibility in! And float glass defects exposure to adverse weather and outdoor air pollution48 the complete list of courses and their credit! Because the unsaturated vapor conditions were not considered as distinct from the vapor... Below about 50 % E. & Bray, P., Sicard, L. &,... Part without any programming or recipe input for the alkali oxide94,95,96 very pleased and would recommend this to anyone the! Vezzalini, G. Hybrid solgel based coatings for the protection of historical window glass not considered as from..., Devreux, F., Barboux, P., Sicard, L. &,. Product approval origin of the inspection system with the hydration, suggesting that hydration mainly occurred by SiOSi.!, insulated, laminated, etc. had depolymerized with the existing customer production line glass. Scales in space and time are investigated the surface defect is viewed under optical microscope in transmitted.. Of highly radioactive borosilicate nuclear waste glass under simulated repository conditionso Title and vinegar flasks, inv compatibility.

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