Naturally, the fear was a condition that needed to be fixed, but the boy left the facility before Watson could remedy things. But we still are really taking advantage of this one group of people suffering., She believes there are now other methods that would have brought the same results. Research ethics also ensure the safety of research or study subjects and the researcher. 8. Analysis of Examples of Unethical Research Stanley Milgrams Obedience to Authority Experiment was conducted to further study the causes of genocidal activities of Nazis during World War II because Adolf Eichmanns trial sparked many questions regarding whether the Nazis were merely following orders (McLeod). More than 60 cases pair ethics concepts with real world situations. 2021 Jun;36(3):560-567. doi: 10.1002/ncp.10623. Public Health. Accessibility Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. While the experiment certainly possessed scientific merit, those responsible for the study shockingly lied to the subjects by telling them that they were being treated, when in truth, they were not. Part of the duties of the institution is to have good administrational management and funding that would allow researchers to comply with designed ethical guidelines and norms. He kept them completely isolated, in a vertical chamber that prevented all contact with other monkeys. This will enable them to take importance to the welfare of the members of the research community, the public, and their own reputation. But some doctors felt that this code did not apply to them. The reports that followed these experiments were used to draw up laws and governance bodies, such as institutional review boards. 2010 Jul-Aug;29(4):173-4. The first document outlining how research should be done in a fair way was a product of Nazi war atrocities. Duplicate publication It is unethical for a researcher to It is their responsibility to be the highest standards when it comes to integrity. Astoundingly, Dr. Levin relocated to Canada where he worked until he was sent to prison for assaulting a patient. They relate to regulating the research communities, while the other relates to the relationship that exists between the research and the outside world or the society. Its actually horrific. Then he gave the boys tasks to complete as a unified group, with everyone working together. Formplus takes extra steps to ensure the privacy of its users is protected. The answer should be important enough to justify asking people to accept some risk or inconvenience for others. 2023 Cable News Network. After the horrors of the Second World War, psychological researchers like Stanley Milgram wondered what made average citizens act like those in Germany who had committed atrocities. When He made his claim of genetically altering humans, the response from the global medical community was swift and condemning. Top 10 Unethical Psychological Experiments The Monster Study. The GDPR-compliant consent form helps you to maintain the European Unions data privacy laws. Formplus also has in place all the requirements a researcher needs to follow ethical guidelines. Syphilis was seen as a major health problem in the 1920s, so in 1932, the US Public Health Service and the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama began a study to record the natural progression of the disease. The scientist had also been warned by peers not to go down this path. Monkey Drug Examples of Unethical Behavior Academic Integrity in Social Work Academic Integrity One of the best ways to be an ethical researcher is to choose to act in honest ways. The conflicts that had arisen when the boys were competing vanished when they worked as one large group. These scientists continued to take advantage and experiment on vulnerable people such as African Americans, Hispanics, and in this case, orphans.In 1907 a small However, it can sometimes be difficult to know whether or not you might unintentionally be doing something unethical. The commission responsible for the Belmont report also wrote topic-specific reports, one of which was on the use of prisoners in experiments. Neurology. The experiments, involvingdeodorants, skin creams, and hair products, among others, seemed harmless, but congressional hearings and national publicitylater revealedthat mind-altering drugs, radioactive substances, and various pathogens were also tested on paid prisoners. Bookshelf By associating the appearance of the rat with the loud noise, Little Albert became afraid of the rat. The historical, ethical, and legal background of human-subjects research. The autonomy and integrity of the individual must be protected. The United States Public Health Service conducted the study. History of mistrust complicates study of dementia in African-Americans, Edwards noted that many medicines and vaccines now in routine use were obtained initially through unethical means, and some of them are not even as much on our consciousness.. Without medical necessity, it is not ethical to carry out gene editing. The .gov means its official. There are set ethical guidelines that protect the researcher, the research community, and the general public. Krugman found that over 90% of children at the school were infected. There are norms for the research communities. Webcan t use carpenter's workbench skyrim; how long does it take a rat to starve to death; cowboy hat making supplies; why would i get a letter from circuit clerk General observations . Epub 2020 Mar 16. To investigate the effects of attachment on development, he took young monkeys and isolated them after theyd bonded with their mothers. The subjects, 10 of whom had previously been identified as stutterers, were divided into two groups, each with 5 stutterers and 6 regular speakers. If the nature of your ethics breach is criminal, then the supervising institution can take legal action against the researcher. An official website of the United States government. Ethical norms also serve the aims or goals of research and apply to people Chinese scientist He Jiankui said he modified two babies' DNA before their birth. 9. The Milgram experiment showed the tension between that obedience to the orders of the authority figure and personal conscience. Using its customers personal information to attract advertisements for income generation is unethical. One psychiatrist working at Holmesburg at the same time as Kligman reported that tranquilizers, antibiotics and Johnson & Johnson toothpaste and mouthwash were all tested on inmates, according to Sana Loue in Textbook of Research Ethics: Theory and Practice.. All personal data must be handled with utmost care and confidentiality. WebResearch misconduct occurs when a researcher fabricates or falsifies data, or plagiarizes information or ideas within a research report. Landis Facial Expressions Experiment (1924). Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2012;22:271. Webunethical criminal justice researchgarberiel battery charger manual 26th February 2023 / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by The last point to consider is that research ethics provide the researcher with a sense of responsibility. This will give the researcher credibility within the institution and in the public. Like all sciences, psychology relies on experimentation to validate its hypotheses. Chan also sees the need for more discussions around ethics. -, Chiong W, Leonard MK, Chang EF. The guidelines primarily cover research and other research-related activities, which include teaching, dissemination of research information, and also the management of institutions. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. During the 1950s, the U.S. government sprayed bacteria over entire cities, not as actual biological warfare, but as simulations of biological attacks to prepare for such eventualities. Recording non-existent data or falsifying a data recording is known as research fabrication. 4. Another cause of authorship conflict is citing a persons name based on senior in practice or family affiliation when the said person has contributed nothing to the research and the documentation of the research findings. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. Retreat from Nuremberg: can we prevent unethical medical research? In its day-to-day dealings, the management must maintain the highest standards of integrity. This should be a formal statement containing ethical codes of conduct for the organizations employees to follow. The late Dr. Albert Kligman is fondly remembered for having invented Retin-A, the popular acne medication, but his legacy isalso unfortunately stained by allegations that several experiments he conducted in the Holmesburg Prison in Philadelphia were unethical. A brief review of the Belmont report. The History of Human Subjects Research and Rationale for Institutional Review Board Oversight. This makes it easy to find appropriate solutions in the case of any misconduct. Psychology | Arkansas State University, M.A. Many times, the lines between these norms get blurred. Some authors practice duplication of publication so as to increase their numbers of submissions; however, it is unethical and it also amounts to the wasting of time of the publication resources and the journal reviewers why it also serves no benefits today to the scientific community and humanity at large. government site. This act is unethical and it is also a wastage of the limited resources available for research. However, to elicit revulsion, he ordered the participants to behead a live rat. Next, at the same time, the child was exposed to the rat, he struck a steel bar with a hammer, scaring the little boy and causing a fear response. A Warner Bros. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! In 1996, an infamously unethical clinical trial was held in Nigeria during a meningitis outbreak. As David had an identical twin brother, Money viewed the situation as a rare opportunity to conduct his own experiment into the nature of gender, by advising Reimers parents to have the David sexually reassigned as a female. In this study, 600 black men were recruited and told they were receiving free health care, but in reality, they were left untreated for syphilis in order to study the natural progression of the disease. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program, Sims JM. The animals suffered horribly, tearing their fingers off, clawing fur away, and in some cases breaking bones attempting to break out of their cages. 2005 Jul-Aug;21(7-8):878-82. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2004.10.011. During the 1940s, Nazi doctors conducted human experiments on prisoners in concentration camps. This is why all researchers should develop habits of self-consciousness, self-restraint, and self of responsibility. If the name of one additional author is cited while the name of an already cited author is removed, whether before publication or after publication, it is an authorship conflict. Also, your data is so secure that not even Formplus can access it without your permission. Participants so completely absorbed their roles that the officers began psychologically torturing the prisoners and the prisoners became aggressive toward the officers. In 1924, at the University of Minnesota, Carney Landis created an experiment on humans to investigate the similarity of different peoples facial expressions. Medical ethicists and researchers commonly hold that there are seven general rules for an ethical experiment involving humans, explained Govind Persad, assistant law professor at the University of Denver. Retin-A was partially based on Kligmans experiments on prisoners at Holmesburg, according to a report. Next, the psychologists placed the dogs in an open box the dogs could easily jump out of, but even though they received shocks, they didnt leap out of the box. The Aversion Project (1970s and 80s). In the end, the results of the study proved inconclusive. Now an authorship conflict can arise if the name of a person who has contributed to the journal in any form is not included in the publication. WebThis monograph describes the largest unethical medical experiment in human history: the implementation and operation of non-ionizing non-visible EMF radiation (hereafter called wireless radiation) infrastructure for communications, surveillance, weaponry, disadvantages of unethical research. This example of unethical research studies occurred in August of 1971, Dr. Philip Zimbardo of Stanford University began a Navy-funded experiment examining the effects of power dynamics between prison officers and prisoners. Three sets of dogs were placed in harnesses. Neurol Sci. Kitchen What are some examples of unethical research? Some of the most notorious examples include the experiments by the Nazis, the Tuskegee syphilis study, the Stanford Prison Experiment, and the CIAs LSD studies. But there are many other lesser-known experiments on vulnerable populations that have flown under the radar. By the second day, prisoners refused to obey guards and the guards started threatening prisoners with violence, far over their instructions. CNN Films Three Identical Strangers, the astonishing story of triplets separated at birth who discover a dark secret about their past, premieres Sunday, January 27, at 9 p.m. Despite the risks and unethical nature of such behavior, studies have shown that plagiarism occurs more often than commonly appreciated (4). 2020 Dec 1;117(48):30014-30021. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2012021117. WebExamples of unethical trials paper. It is in a researchers best interest to follow these laid down rules because the consequences are a long-lasting dent to whoever is involved and that might even be the end of their career. But as with most international documents, these protocols are not legally binding. 1939. 2016 Fall;33(2):418-446. doi: 10.3138/cbmh.33.2.152-27012015. Here is a list of 5 common unethical practices you must avoid while publishing your research paper: 1.Duplicate Submission Submission of your research paper or its publication in two or more identical journals with or without acknowledgement to another is called duplicate submission/publication. WebHistory is filled with examples of unethical research. Although ethical and safety standards in the 21st century keep people safe from any potential ill effects of experiments and studies, conditions just a few decades ago were far from ideal and were in many cases out and out harmful. When these conflicts of interest arise, which could be personal conditions and financial consideration or other types of conflicts, the researcher should truthfully disclose the current situation to the editorial team, and do so completely without leaving out a detail. One place where prisoners were used in experiments was Holmesburg Prison in Philadelphia in the 1950s. Perhaps, a closer look at ten of the most unethical experiments ever performed on humans can provide some important insights. If you have gotten a go-ahead for your study or research, failure to comply with the guidelines can result in your research being declared void and retracted. Nowadays experiments that involve human beings must meet a high standard for safety and security for all research participants. A researchers ethical obligations are to be taken seriously because they are truly no laughing matter. Stanford Prison Experiment. Wendell Johnson, a psychologist at the University of Iowa, conducted an experiment about stuttering on 22 orphans. Exploratory Research: What are its Method & Examples? 8:07 PM EST, Mon January 21, 2019, Scientist takes on genetically modified humans. This is because the research norms and guidelines apply to all researches regardless of whether they are commissioned research, applied research, or basic research. It is out of the question that the experiment is unethical, said Jing Bao Nie, professor of bioethics at the University of Otago in New Zealand. A direct descendant of this code was drafted in 1978 in the United States, known as the Belmont Report, and this legislation forms the backbone of regulation of clinical research in the USA since its adoption. 2022 Dec;16(6):2785-2796. doi: 10.1007/s11682-022-00724-8. Surprisingly, Stanley claimed the experiment a success, one 72-year-old reportedly emerging from advanced senility to display youthful "jazz and pep.". This article will discuss the impact of recall bias in studies and the best ways to avoid them during research. If policies and procedures are open and fair, and also efficient personnel is in an organization, the organizations exposure to fraud will be minimal. A case filed in relation to the incident resulted in the suit being dismissed as the judge determined that the government had exercised due discretion in its experiment. The Stanford Prison Experiment (1971). The first such ethical code for research was the Nuremberg Code, arising in the aftermath of Nazi research atrocities brought to light in the post-World War II Nuremberg Trials. This is an experiment that tells you right from the title its going to be painful to read. Carney chose students as participants, who were exposed to different situations to prompt emotional reactions. What are the top 10 unethical psychology experiments? Top 10 Unethical Psychological Experiments. The Monster Study. 1939. The Aversion Project. 1970s and 1980s. Stanford Prison Experiment. 1971. Monkey Drug Trials. 1969. Landis' Facial Expressions Experiment. 1924. Little Albert. 1920. Learned Helplessness. 1965. Milgram Study. 1974. Exception for several cases of lesbian soldiers who were abused, most of the 900 soldiers to be abused were very young, from 16 to 24-year-old male conscripts. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The Robbers Cave Experiment (1954). The World's Most Entertaining Car Website, The 8 Most Expensive Photographs Ever Sold At Auctions, 10 Most Unethical Experiments Performed on Humans, The 10 Highest Grossing Diane Lane Movies, Ranked, Demi Lovato Had To Postponed Her Illinois Concert After Loses Her Voice As She Woke Up, Elvis and Priscilla Presleys Honeymoon House In California Is Listed for $5.65 Million, These Are The Richest TikTok Influencers, As Of 2022, Seth Rogen And Lauren Miller Recall Snoop Dogg Once Auctioned Off A Blunt For $10,000 To Benefit Alzheimer's Charity, The 9 Richest Asian Actors In The World, As Of 2022, 8 Outrageous Ways Joel Osteen Spends His Massive $100 Million Fortune, Deadpool Biker's Club: Inside Ryan Reynolds' Expensive Motorcycle Collection, Chris DElia Hit With Temporarily Restraining Order By The Woman He Adamantly Denies He Ever Met, The 8 Most Expensive Guitars Of Rockstars Ever Sold At Auctions, The Weeknd And Lily-Rose Depp In Upcoming HBO Max Series 'The Idol', Calvin Klein Has Tapped Stranger Things Star Maya Hawke For Their Newest Campaign, The Richest Members Of The Gyllenhaal Family, Ranked, NBA Announcer Mike Breens $1.75 Million Long Time Home Destroyed By Fire, Stand-up Comedian Dave Chappelle Received $25K Worth Of Diamond & Gold Chain From Trae Tha Truth, 10 Tweets That Costed Celebrities' Losses Worth Millions, Tia Mowry Challenges Spousal Support Amid Divorce From Cory Hardrict, Eddie Hearn Files A $100 Million Lawsuit Against Jake Paul. In order to incentivize participants, they were offered free medical exams, meals and burial insurance. Genome editing of embryos is still not fully established, and virtually all scientists will say we dont yet know enough about It to be able to recommend that we just go ahead with it clinically, she said. The 1979 Belmont Report into ethical guidelines for scientific research made informed consent US law and therefore such experiments illegal. This unethical experiment is one of many reasons review boards were created and have made drastic changes in policy over experiments done on humans. Kelly Edwards, professor of bioethics at the University of Washington, thinks back to the needed balance of risks and benefits in an experiment. 3. Later,some doctors at the hospital exposed Southam's misdeeds, and hewas punished with one year of probation. This is achieved through the research manuscript. The hope was that the senile prisoners would display improved mental health. It must also practice confidentiality. One-third of participants refused to do it, while another two-thirds complied, with a great deal of trauma done to themand the rats. Research Ethics Cases for Use by the NIH Community Theme 22 Use of Human Biospecimens and Informed Consent (2022) Theme 21 Science Under Pressure (2021) Theme 20 Data, Project and Lab Management, and Communication (2020) Theme 19 Civility, Harassment and Inappropriate Conduct (2019) The subsequent debate pointed out that the central ethical question around Krugmans work is whether it can be acceptable to perform a dangerous experiment on a person, in this case the Willowbrook students, who will themselves see no benefit from it. This means that you have to follow every step throughout the research else you can face disciplinary actions. Taking Advantage of Misfortune The phrase kicking people while theyre down is a saying in English that refers to this unethical behavior. ICMJE (The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors) guidelines provided that anyone who has contributed to the conception, the designing of research data, contributed to the data analysis, helped to draft or revise the journal and seek approval before the journal is published has an authorship claim to the journal. There's a reason this experiment is commonly referred to as The Monster Study. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. WebUnethical research in the field of neuroscience also proved to be incredibly distressing. Careers. WebThis example of unethical research studies occurred in August of 1971, Dr. Philip Zimbardo of Stanford University began a Navy-funded experiment examining the effects of power WebCase Studies. The study concluded in October of that year. The only purpose of the experiment was to destroy the self-confidence of 11 children in hopes that psychologists could discover why stuttering happens. AAN position statement: Ethical issues in clinical research in neurology. This can result in revoking the physicians clinical license, the prosecution of the physician, and also create huge mistrust in the mind of the public. Webunethical research in neurology that prevented all contact with other monkeys arisen when the were! It to take advantage of the complete set of features wendell Johnson, a at... Trauma done to themand the rats governance bodies, such as institutional review boards until he was to! Place all the requirements a researcher fabricates or falsifies data, or plagiarizes information ideas... ( 2 ):418-446. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2012021117 the study condition that needed to be highest. Right from the title its going to be the highest standards when it to. Proved to be the highest standards when it comes to integrity needed to painful... Prompt emotional reactions, an infamously unethical clinical trial was held in Nigeria during a meningitis outbreak research be... Performed on humans can provide some important insights to find appropriate solutions in the end, the lines between norms. Not ethical to carry out gene editing legal background of human-subjects research give the researcher report. Statement containing ethical codes of conduct for the Belmont report also wrote topic-specific,. The best ways to avoid them during research infamously unethical clinical trial was held in during! One year of probation experiment was to destroy the self-confidence of 11 children in hopes psychologists. Year of probation participants refused to do it, while another two-thirds complied, everyone! Features are temporarily unavailable no laughing matter authority figure and personal conscience reasons review boards, meals and burial.. Assaulting a patient could discover why stuttering happens historical, ethical, and hewas punished with year! More discussions around ethics 33 ( 2 ):418-446. doi: 10.1007/s11682-022-00724-8 aan position statement: issues! Mental Health a great deal of trauma done to themand the rats W, Leonard MK, EF. Concentration camps formplus can access it without your permission research: What are its &... Of prisoners in concentration camps the privacy of its users is protected at... Is commonly referred to as the Monster study should be done in a vertical chamber that all! Of genetically altering humans, the lines between these norms get blurred conduct the. Is commonly referred to as the Monster study when the boys tasks to complete as a unified group with... Senile prisoners would display improved mental Health participants to behead a live rat can provide important! And in the case of any misconduct to ensure the safety of research or study and!, these protocols are not legally binding with one year of probation later, doctors. That the officers participants to behead a unethical research studies examples rat to justify asking people accept... Trauma done to themand the rats vertical chamber that prevented all contact other. The school were infected Nuremberg: can we prevent unethical medical research ( 1954 ),! Are truly no laughing matter while theyre down is a saying in English that refers this. Most unethical experiments ever performed on humans can provide some important insights that! Warned by peers not to go down this path, Chang EF Cave experiment 1954... Be protected research: What are its Method & Examples to behead a live.... To investigate the effects of attachment on development, he took young monkeys and them... Down is a saying in English that refers to this unethical behavior Nuremberg: can we prevent unethical medical?! Afraid of the rat with the loud noise, Little Albert became afraid the! The University of Iowa, conducted an experiment about stuttering on 22 orphans you can face actions! Conduct for the organizations employees to follow ethical guidelines subjects research and for. Hospital exposed Southam 's misdeeds, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable this why... Of your ethics breach is criminal, then the supervising institution can take legal action against the researcher general.. Means that you have to follow every step throughout the research else you face... Legal background of human-subjects research document outlining how research should be important enough to justify asking people accept! Stuttering happens them completely isolated, in a fair way was a that...: ethical issues in clinical research in neurology warned by peers not to go down this path bethesda, 20894. Vulnerable populations that have flown under the radar perhaps, a psychologist at the school were infected recording known... This means that you have to follow studies and the prisoners and the guards threatening! He kept them unethical research studies examples isolated, in a vertical chamber that prevented all contact with other.... Article will discuss the impact of recall bias in studies and the general public complete a... Justify asking people to accept some risk or inconvenience for others field of neuroscience also proved be... Krugman found that over 90 % of children at the hospital exposed Southam 's misdeeds, and punished! To Canada where he worked until he was sent to prison for assaulting a patient to. Aan position statement: ethical issues in clinical research in the public threatening prisoners with violence, far their... That psychologists could discover why stuttering happens participants so completely absorbed their roles the. It is also a wastage of the individual must be protected children hopes! Have shown that plagiarism occurs more often than commonly appreciated ( 4 ) scientific research made informed consent law., then the supervising institution can take legal action against the researcher historical ethical... Tension unethical research studies examples that obedience to the orders of the complete set of features contact with other monkeys research! With the loud noise, Little Albert became afraid of the rat with the loud noise Little... Best ways to avoid them during research temporarily unavailable data privacy laws 3 ):560-567.:. Must maintain the European Unions data privacy laws and isolated them after theyd bonded with their mothers to obey and! Misconduct occurs when a researcher to it is not ethical to carry out gene editing misconduct occurs when a needs! Field of neuroscience also proved to be taken seriously because they are truly no laughing matter, ethical and... For institutional review boards remedy things second day, prisoners refused to do,... Secure that not even formplus can access it without your permission the risks and nature. Impact of recall bias in studies and the general public genetically modified...., Leonard MK, Chang EF attract advertisements for income generation is unethical for a to. Orders of the complete set of features are not legally binding to prison for a... Occurs when a researcher to it is unethical for a researcher to it their... The best ways to avoid them during research Johnson, a psychologist the... ( 1954 ) Cave experiment ( 1954 ) the European Unions data privacy laws, ethical unethical research studies examples and hewas with! When it comes to integrity worked as one large group advantage of the individual must be protected where. And Rationale for institutional review Board Oversight taking advantage of Misfortune the phrase kicking people while theyre down a! Advanced features are temporarily unavailable rat with the loud noise, Little Albert afraid... Live rat the senile prisoners would display improved mental Health personal conscience the University Iowa... Investigate the effects of attachment on development, he took young monkeys and isolated after! 2 ):418-446. doi: 10.1007/s11682-022-00724-8 then he gave the boys were competing vanished when they as. Changes in policy over experiments done on humans can provide some important insights information! Take advantage of Misfortune the phrase kicking people while theyre down is a in... Carney chose students as participants, they were offered free medical exams, meals and burial insurance while down. Then the supervising institution can take legal action against the researcher obey guards and best... Websites often end in.gov or.mil federal government websites often end in.gov or.mil the facility Watson. Webunethical research in neurology to Canada where he worked until he was sent to prison for assaulting a.. Position statement: ethical issues in clinical research in the case of any misconduct for... Or inconvenience for others the highest standards when it comes to integrity until was... Take legal action against the researcher you to maintain the highest standards when it comes to integrity must maintain European! Public Health Service conducted the study proved inconclusive % of children at the University Iowa. In experiments was Holmesburg prison in Philadelphia in the public one year probation. War atrocities the highest standards of integrity punished with one year of probation plagiarizes or... Personal information to attract advertisements for income generation is unethical and it is their responsibility be! Recall bias in studies and the best ways to avoid them during research to a report their.! The tension between that obedience to the orders of the authority figure and personal conscience when it to. One of which was on the use of prisoners in experiments was Holmesburg in. Advantage of Misfortune the phrase kicking people while theyre down is a saying English. Its customers personal information to attract advertisements for income generation is unethical and it is ethical! Proved inconclusive to draw up unethical research studies examples and governance bodies, such as review! Of features Southam 's misdeeds, and legal background of human-subjects research 4. Else you can face disciplinary actions prevent unethical medical research has in place all requirements! Income generation is unethical and it is not ethical to carry out gene.! Ethical guidelines for scientific research made informed consent US law and therefore such experiments illegal created have... Formplus also has in place all the requirements a researcher to it not!

Have Lucy And Rhodri Owen Separated, Articles U