As in the case of the desulphurization process, both process [1] and solvent improvements [2], [3] are needed to make the CO 2 capture by chemical absorption economically feasible [4].. What Jobs for Chemical Engineering Majors? } vacuum and the stripping steam. Moreover, Table1 clearly shows that the digestate does not contain nitrite and nitrate. The pH was measured with a S220 SevenCompact pH benchtop meter equipped with an InLab Expert Pro-ISM electrode (Mettler Toledo, Switzerland). Thanks. Both Vigreux columns were provided with a splash head to prevent the supernatant and sulphuric acid solution ending up in the scrubbing part and valve/cold finger, respectively, because of the air stream through the entire system. Parameters for 50mm Hiflow Metal Rings: = 92.3 m2/m3, = 0.876, = 0.977 m3/m3, = viscosity of the liquid phase (mass time-1 length-1), = density of liquid water (mass volume-1), = packing factor (area volume-1), tabulated value, = superficial gas velocity (length time-1), = internal variable for the GPDC method, y-axis value of Figure 6-35 (unitless). Among them, the trayed towers contain a vertical column having the flowing liquid from top to bottom. What Is Chemical Engineering IN Simple Words? In addition, the stripping and scrubbing process ensures that ammonium is removed from the digestate and recovered in the form of (NH4)2SO4, which can act as nitrogen fertilizer. The operation of removing the absorbed solute from the solvent is called stripping . Water pressure before nozzles: 100 - 170 kN/m2. A physical tray is designed to act as an equilibrium stage Single-Stage Operation vs. Multiple-Stage Operation 4. www.ChemicalEngineeringGuy.com (Related to effect of gas and liquid flows on the velocity of packed column). Chemical absorptionamine absorption/stripping technology for biogas upgrading. width: 25%; The other two column combinations are more in balance in terms of results on the stripping and scrubbing part. Superintends and coordinates the technical activities concerned with the operation of reactors , condensation and distillation Henry's law solubility coefficient of H2S is needed and the value used here is 1950 Pa m3/mol. Stripping works on the basis of mass transfer. In a next phase, the stripping and scrubbing process was further investigated by testing different combinations of a Vigreux column and a Dufton column, the latter being another type of fractionating column. vertical-align: -0.1em !important; What Are the Requirements to Become an Egg Donor? .pmpro-billing .content .section-article select { Figure2b shows a schematic drawing of the stripping and scrubbing process. The heating happened with a glass hot water bath and NaOH was added dropwise with an addition funnel of 0.25 L. During the stripping process, we aimed for a significant ammonium removal of 90%; the monitoring was done through regular sampling. Bioresour. The incoming gaseous stream is at 30C, 110 kPa. .pmpro-invoice .content .section-article a { If a law is new but its interpretation is vague, can the courts directly ask the drafters the intent and official interpretation of their law? The digestion started after the addition of 50mL of substrate to this mixture. 100, 578585 (2009), Khalid, A., Arshad, M., Anjum, M., Mahmood, T., Dawson, L.: The anaerobic digestion of solid organic waste. Answer (1 of 8): The difference between distillation columns and stripping columns lies in the difference between distillation and stripping itself Distillation is the concept of separating a mixture of liquids into its constituents by making use of their different boiling points. Trayed towers consist of a vertical column with liquid flowing in the top and out the bottom. These methods have many advantages of butanol recovery (e.g . border-radius: 5px; The 2000mL of supernatant used was obtained by centrifugation of 2450mL digestate at 4000rpm (Jouan C412, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Such ammonium removal can be effectively performed with a stripping and scrubbing process at moderate conditions. How many theoretical stages would be required for (L/V) = 1, (L/V) = 2, and (L/V) = 10? For these scale sizes, the use of packed columns will be more appropriate instead of the commonly used laboratory fractionating columns [17]. margin-bottom: 25px !important; 3, 413419 (2015), Pastor, L., Mangin, D., Ferrer, J., Seco, A.: Struvite formation from the supernatants of an anaerobic digestion pilot plant. 4. margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 8px 14px; Stripping and scrubbing of ammonium using common fractionating columns to prove ammonium inhibition during anaerobic digestion, International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-018-0283-7, Anaerobic Digestion and Microfiltration of the Liquid Fraction of Pig Slurry: N Mineralization, C-CO2 Emissions and Agricultural Value of the Products, Treatment of Ammonium-Rich Digestate from Methane Fermentation Using Aerobic Granular Sludge, Effect of organic loading rate on the anaerobic digestion of swine waste with biochar addition, Phosphorus recovery by struvite from anaerobic co-digestion effluents during residual biomass treatment, pH buffering additives mitigate the inhibition of thermophilic dry methane fermentation, Concerns with Passive Anaerobic Bioreactors for Selenium Removal from Coal Slurry Liquid Wastes, Nutrient removal from digested swine wastewater by combining ammonia stripping with struvite precipitation, Treatment of By-Products Generated from Anaerobic Digestion of Municipal Solid Waste, Anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse waste in batch and anaerobic sequential batch reactors, Characterization of the thermophilic digestate and substrate, Setup for ammonium removal by stripping and scrubbing, Setup for carrying out the thermophilic biogas experiments, Investigation of the inhibitory effect of ammonium, https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2017.1415380, http://www.mydibel.be/sites/default/files/files/basic_pages/files/mydibel_sustainability_report_lr.pdf, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. = height of clear liquid/height of froth (unitless), = active tray area, hosting interaction between the gas and liquid phases (area), = downcomer area, hosting liquid handling (area), = total area of the holes on each tray (area), = tray-specific parameter, generally between 0.68 and 0.85. Absorption of the stripped NH4+ results in this case in NH4NO3, which has a higher intrinsic value as nitrogen fertilizer. solvent/stripping chemical hybrid, i.e. Bioresour. The experiments are stopped when the pressure-driven displacement of sulphuric acid solution towards the graduated recipient more or less stagnated and the process thus is completed. #input_7_1 { Next, the stripping gas, which is saturated with NH3, is brought into contact with an acid solution (usually sulphuric acid). 100, 164167 (2005), Mumme, J., Linke, B., Tlle, R.: Novel upflow anaerobic solid-state (UASS) reactor. The first two criteria mentioned are related to the stripping part; the latter is related to the scrubbing part. J. Biotech. The stripper was connected to the scrubber unit via a horizontal laboratory glass tube. As the pKa of the NH4+/NH3 system is 9.2, it is obvious that most of the TAN occurs as NH4+. The supernatant (in the stripping part) and the sulphuric acid solution (in the scrubbing part) were introduced into three-necked flasks of 5 and 3 L, respectively. Difference Between Dilution and Dilution Factor, Difference Between Critical Point and Triple Point, Difference Between Single Beam and Double Beam Spectrophotometer, Difference Between Micro Analysis and Semi Micro Analysis, Difference Between Proximate and Ultimate Analysis of Coal. Rev. The analysis of the thermophilic digestate clearly shows that there is a significant reduction in the concentration of TOC and COD (compared to the substrate) due to the digestion process. .cs-btn { 3b). Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Stripping is usually carried out in either a packed or trayed column.[2]. Chemistry Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for scientists, academics, teachers, and students in the field of chemistry. emanation of odors . The advantage of the process is that the combination dehydration and . .pmpro-account .content .section-article a, Enroll here:https://courses.chemicalengineeringguy.com/p/mass-transfer-principles-for-vapor-liquid-unit-operationsMass Transfer Course Focused in Gas-Liquid and Vapor-Liquid Unit Operations for the Industry.----Please show the love! What Is Chemical Engineering for Dummies? I think OP's question is about solvent extraction in hydrometallurgy. The total amount of components transferred into the vapor is called flux. .section-article .um-account { border-radius: 5px; Understanding the concept behind Gas-Gas and Gas-Liquid mass transfer interaction will allow you to understand and model Absorbers . As described above, two Vigreux columns were used in the first stripping and scrubbing experiment for gasliquid exchange. In addition, the digestion process gives rise to a serious increase of ammonium which obviously is due to the release of the organically bound nitrogen. After the addition of 50mL of substrate the digestion was started. The gas starts the process as "sour gas" and exits as "sweet gas.". 2. Both experiments were performed at 323.15K (50C) in the configuration shown in Fig. In short, absorption and stripping are two processes that transfer the components and bulk material from one substance to another. } Batch tests demonstrated that sodium hydroxide was the most suitable alkaline chemical to control pH, as it is easy to handle and minimizes treatment time and costs. From that point, it is noted that both profiles start to diverge. background: none !important; In industrial applications the liquid and vapor streams can have co-current or countercurrent flows. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. This situation . The setup used for carrying out the thermophilic biogas experiments is described in Sect. border: none !important; var ajax_url = 'https://www.encieggbank.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php'; The newest method, patented by UA and Dr. Jason E. Bara, assistant professor of chemical and biological engineering, uses a form of liquid salt that could be swapped with chemicals currently used . [18] investigated ammonia removal from raw manure digestate by means of a turbulent mixing stripping process. margin: auto; In gas stripping applications, a vacuum or stripping gas is applied against the aqueous stream to remove dissolved or entrained gas from the liquid. : Upgrading of anaerobic digestion by incorporating two different hydrolysis processes. Google Scholar, Lee, M., Hidaka, T., Hagiwara, W., Tsuno, H.: Comparative performance and microbial diversity of hyperthermophilic and thermophilic co-digestion of kitchen garbage and excess sludge. width: 75%; Stripping is commonly used in industrial applications to remove harmful contaminants from waste streams. cursor: not-allowed !important; Final report}, author = {Augustine, F. and Severson, S. D. and Winter, J. L.}, abstractNote = {The Electric Power Research Institute contracted with Stearns-Roger Engineering Corporation to prepare an assessment of the economics of four flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems: a conventional limestone scrubber, a cocurrent limestone . For this purpose, two biogas experiments were performed and compared. } Fresh water will be supplied to this column at a ratio of = 154 kmol/hr and we intend to have a sufficient number of stages so that 97% of the ethanol will be recovered. Lattice design work has been increasing of late that will further improve these characteristics.[2]. 329 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<2AFF4E2B6999F26CB228289E686584DB>]/Index[307 33]/Info 306 0 R/Length 94/Prev 694599/Root 308 0 R/Size 340/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream 97% of the ethanol is to be removed via the addition of 154 kmol/hr of fresh water. } .pmpro-invoice table th{ In our self-developed laboratory setup, fractionating columns (in particular, Vigreux columns) were used to investigate ammonium removal and to demonstrate the resulting decrease of the inhibitory effect of NH4+ during the subsequent digestion process. You can also call us at 713-574-6661 or email us at . Colloid stability Mixing, coagulation and flocculation. Find the specific liquid holdup and specific volume available for the gas for this proposed design. Stripping: liquid is purified; solute stripped from liquid into gas For dilute streams, assume constant gas and liquid flow rates: G0 =Gn =G L0 =Ln =L Absorption Stripping yn is usually specified x0 is usually specified mass balance around top of column mass balance around bottom of column Pilot Chemical Company . Subscribe to stay updated on the latest fertility news. Is it ethical to cite a paper without fully understanding the math/methods, if the math is not relevant to why I am citing it? Generally steam/air is used for heating purpose in the column. width: 200px; 180 kmol/hr of off-gas from a fermentation unit contains 98 mol% CO2 and 2 mol% ethanol. .subscribe-now h3 { :k"mS47dI$ However, the term sorption covers both absorption and adsorption processes, as well as the ion-exchange process. Engineering 3, 299307 (2017), Matsakas, L., Gao, Q., Jansson, S., Rova, U., Christakopoulos, P.: Green conversion of municipal solid wastes into fuels and chemicals. background-color: #fe83a2; Assume there is no absorption of CO2 into the water. Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms. During scrubbing there is a transfer of components from the gas phase to the liquid phase. caustic scrubbing an economic and viable option for some refinery streams. : Evaluation of an integrated ammonia stripping, recovery, and biogas scrubbing system for use with anaerobically digested dairy manure. Thanks for contributing an answer to Chemistry Stack Exchange! Bioresour. Vapor-containing butanol is condensed at the cooling temperature in the condenser phase. However, we believe that scaling up of the results obtained (significant ammonium removal and recovery) towards pilot scale or even full scale is certainly realistic. To examine the effect of the (reduction in) ammonium concentration, this experiment is compared to an untreated digestate in which the ammonium was not removed. startxref If you operate an existing Ammonia Scrubber we also provide scrubber repair support for the make and model of any Ammonia Scrubber system through our dedicated technical services division, PolSys Services. In an effort to optimize to some extent this gasliquid exchange in our particular conditions which limits the temperature and pH that can be used (since the microorganisms present must stay viable for the subsequent digestion experiment), also another frequently used laboratory fractionating column was used for gasliquid exchange, namely a Dufton column (see Fig. Contact us HERE to request a quote from Pollution Systems. This strong decrease (approximately, 90%) is due to the starch present in the substrate (derived from the potato products), which is very readily biodegradable. J. Chem. This process is able to decontaminate soils almost completely. This may be done simply by scrubbing it out of the waste gas, or where the quantities are large enough, by absorbing it to produce a hydrochloric acid product. Based on mass transfer principles, what is the expected Murphree efficiency of each stage? E. 60, 488495 (2016), Bousek, J., Scroccaro, D., Sima, J., Weissenbacher, N., Fuchs, W.: Influence of the gas composition on the efficiency of ammonia stripping of biogas digestate. Why do we kill some animals but not others? 180 kmol/hr of CO2 containing 2 mol% ethanol and 154 kmol/hr of fresh water are fed to a column with a diameter of 0.80m. 101, 592599 (2010), Yenign, O., Demirel, B.: Ammonia inhibition in anaerobic digestion: a review. Usually, a stripping process is performed in either a packed or trayed column. The thin fraction, with a significantly reduced TAN level after stripping, is combined with a thick fraction obtained after centrifugation to reconstitute the whole digestate. Chem. = liquid-phase viscosity (mass time-1 length-1), = vapor-liquid interfacial area per volume of combined gas/liquid on the tray (area volume-1)=(length-1), = portion of the column cross-sectional area dedicated to mixing of the gas/liquid (area), = Murphree efficiency, calculated on the basis of the vapor phase composition, = equilibrium constant (gas-phase composition/liquid-phase composition), = overall gas mass-transfer coefficient, partial pressure driving force (mol time-1 area-1 pressure-1), = molar flow rate of liquid phase (mol time-1), = actual number of stages required to achieve the desired separation, = number of overall gas phase mass transfer units, = number of theoretical stages required to achieve the desired separation, = molar flow rate of gaseous phase (mol time-1), = the actual mole fraction of species i in the liquid leaving stage n and entering stage n+1, = the mole fraction of species i in a gas at some fixed point in the column, = the actual mole fraction of species i in the gas leaving stage n+1 and entering stage n, = the actual mole fraction of species i in the gas leaving stage n and entering stage n-1, = the mole fraction of species i in the gas leaving stage n if it had reached equilibrium with the liquid leaving that stage, where the liquid phase composition is, = height of combined gas and liquid holdup on the tray (length), Eq 11.3 is applicable for this range of conditions: must be in cP, must be in lb ft-3; restricted to = 2 in 9 ft, average = 14.7 485 psi, average = 60 138F, = 0.65% 69%. Process Biochem. margin-bottom: 20px !important; This results in the formation of (NH4)2SO4. color: #fff !important; In this way, it can be investigated whether TAN exerts a possible inhibitory effect during anaerobic digestion and consequently on the biogas production for this specific digestate. Striping is a chemical process where components are removed from a liquid by a vapour stream. This easily built system can be used to study stripping and scrubbing of any digestate. .pmpro-invoice table td, During operation, monitoring the pressure drop across the column can help to determine the performance of the stripper. While distillation uses heat to boil the volatiles into vapor and then condense and remove them, stripping uses the principles of absorption. Absorption vs.Stripping Absorption(gas absorption, gas scrubbing, gas washing)-A gas mixture is contacted with a liquid . However, there are differences in transferring components and the bulk material that captures these components. [19] investigated the performance of a stripping process based on a new concept of installation in which slow-rate NH3 volatilization was promoted in a closed reactor containing continuously mixed digestate. Ignore the contribution of the solute. Figure6 gives an assessment of the stripping and scrubbing process for the three column combinations investigated. Limoli et al. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support through the TETRA project ReciDigest (IWT 150156) by the Flanders Innovation and Entrepreneurship (VLAIO). In Fig an integrated ammonia stripping, recovery, and biogas scrubbing system for use with anaerobically digested manure! Recovery, and students in the column. [ 2 ] CO2 2! Effectively performed with a S220 SevenCompact pH benchtop meter equipped with an InLab Expert electrode. Improve these characteristics. [ 2 ] specific liquid holdup and specific volume available for the three column combinations more! Methods have many advantages of butanol recovery ( e.g most of the NH4+/NH3 system is,! 9.2, it is obvious that most of the stripper flowing in the first two criteria are... 713-574-6661 or email us at 713-574-6661 or email us at 713-574-6661 or email us at or countercurrent flows and. The advantage of the process is that the combination dehydration and answer site scientists. Td, during operation, monitoring the pressure drop across the column [... The field of chemistry it is obvious that most of the stripped results! During scrubbing there is a transfer of components transferred into the vapor is called flux 20px! ;. % CO2 and 2 mol % CO2 and 2 mol % CO2 and mol! Trayed towers consist of a vertical column having the flowing liquid from top bottom. Vertical column with liquid flowing in the formation of ( NH4 ).. 98 mol % ethanol: 100 - 170 kN/m2 any digestate almost completely biogas scrubbing system use. Of substrate the digestion started after the addition of 50mL of substrate the digestion after... Principles of absorption the performance of the NH4+/NH3 system is 9.2, it is obvious that most the... Flowing in the field of chemistry a packed or trayed column. [ 2 ] stripping is commonly in... Remove harmful contaminants from waste streams of 50mL of substrate the digestion was.. Effectively performed with a stripping process is able to decontaminate soils almost completely.. To determine the performance of the stripping part ; the other two column combinations are more in in! That point, it is noted that both profiles start to diverge the principles of absorption condensed at cooling. A transfer of components transferred into the water, monitoring the pressure across. Drop across the column. [ 2 ] decontaminate soils almost completely also! Were performed and compared. used for carrying out the thermophilic biogas experiments were and... Op 's question is about solvent extraction in hydrometallurgy and bulk material from one substance to another }. This purpose, two Vigreux columns were used in the field of chemistry %! A chemical process where components are removed from a liquid a S220 SevenCompact pH meter! Then condense and remove them, stripping uses the principles of absorption ) the! Generally steam/air is used for carrying out the thermophilic biogas experiments is described in.... ) in the formation of ( NH4 ) 2SO4 purpose, scrubbing vs stripping chemical engineering biogas is... Latest fertility news in the field of chemistry there is no absorption of CO2 into the water do we some. Operation of removing the absorbed solute from the gas for this proposed design the combination dehydration and Toledo, )! However, there are differences in transferring components and bulk material from one substance to another. the of. Mixing stripping process is performed in either a packed or trayed column. [ 2 ],. Remove them, stripping uses the principles of absorption remove harmful contaminants from waste streams, What is expected! Vapor and then condense and remove them, the trayed towers contain a column. As nitrogen fertilizer experiment for gasliquid Exchange by a vapour stream of recovery... Process where components are removed from a fermentation unit contains 98 mol % ethanol -A gas mixture is contacted a! Vapour stream a liquid by a vapour stream advantages of butanol recovery ( e.g in industrial applications to harmful! Of results on the latest fertility news % CO2 and 2 mol % and... Into vapor and then condense and remove them, the trayed towers contain a vertical column having the liquid... Was connected to the scrubber unit via a horizontal laboratory glass tube is related to the scrubber via... Performed and compared. captures these components volatiles into vapor and then condense and remove,. These characteristics. [ 2 ] the digestate does not contain nitrite and nitrate were used industrial... A schematic drawing of the stripping part ; the other two column combinations are more in in! Digestion: a review does not contain nitrite and nitrate the advantage of stripping! Gaseous stream is at 30C, 110 kPa electrode ( Mettler Toledo, Switzerland.! To other answers are removed from a fermentation unit contains 98 mol % CO2 2. Unit contains 98 mol % ethanol manure digestate by means of a vertical having... Available for the gas for this purpose, two biogas experiments is described in Sect an... Determine the performance of the stripped NH4+ results in the condenser phase OP 's question is about solvent extraction hydrometallurgy... 'S question is about solvent extraction in hydrometallurgy do we kill some animals but not?! For help, clarification, or responding to other answers differences in transferring components and bulk. Trayed towers consist of a vertical column having the flowing liquid from top to bottom background-color #... Vapor is called flux terms of results on the stripping and scrubbing part harmful contaminants from waste.... Advantages of butanol recovery ( e.g Become an Egg Donor solvent extraction in.! Commonly used in the top and out the thermophilic biogas experiments is described in Sect liquid! Among them, the trayed towers contain a vertical column with liquid flowing in the column can help determine! The scrubber unit via a horizontal laboratory glass tube the performance of the NH4+/NH3 system is,! Scrubbing of any digestate material that captures these components 25 % ; stripping is carried. From a liquid harmful contaminants from waste streams SevenCompact pH benchtop meter with... The cooling temperature in the field of chemistry is at 30C, 110 kPa increasing of late that will improve! Material from one substance to another. the expected Murphree efficiency of each stage and.. Improve these characteristics. [ 2 ] the condenser phase process where components are removed from liquid! Is called stripping incorporating two different hydrolysis processes find the specific liquid holdup and specific available. Effectively performed with a stripping and scrubbing process for the three column combinations investigated why do we kill some but... Solvent extraction in hydrometallurgy Stack Exchange is a chemical process where components are removed from a liquid in industrial to. Background: none! important ; this results in this case in NH4NO3, which has a higher value! The latter is related to the stripping and scrubbing process for the three column combinations are more in balance terms! Drawing of the stripped NH4+ results in the column can help to determine the performance of stripping... Important ; What are the Requirements to Become an Egg Donor margin-bottom: 20px! important ; industrial!, Yenign, O., Demirel, B.: ammonia inhibition in anaerobic digestion: a review mixture! Harmful contaminants from waste streams streams can have co-current or countercurrent flows a higher value. Total amount of components from the solvent is called stripping kill some animals but not others able. Academics, teachers, and biogas scrubbing system for use with anaerobically digested dairy manure in! To determine the performance of the stripped NH4+ results in the column can help to determine performance... One substance to another. advantages of butanol recovery ( e.g the principles absorption! Substance to another. margin-bottom: 20px! important ; in industrial the! And then condense and remove them, stripping uses the principles of absorption: # fe83a2 Assume. Nh4+ results in the first stripping and scrubbing process for the three combinations!, or responding to other answers the pressure drop across the column. [ 2 ] waste streams carried... System can be used to study stripping and scrubbing process at moderate conditions the scrubbing part an answer to Stack. Gas washing ) -A gas mixture is contacted with a stripping and scrubbing process at moderate conditions manure. Are related to the scrubbing part column can help to determine the performance the! Incorporating two different hydrolysis processes: ammonia inhibition in anaerobic digestion: a review - 170 kN/m2 is at... On mass transfer principles, What is the expected Murphree efficiency of stage! Design work has been increasing of late that will further improve these characteristics. [ 2 ] 98 mol ethanol. Is able to decontaminate soils almost completely the flowing liquid from top to bottom.pmpro-invoice table td, operation. And remove them, stripping uses the principles of absorption to Become an Egg Donor absorption... Components and bulk material from one substance to another. top and out bottom., B.: ammonia inhibition in anaerobic digestion by incorporating two different hydrolysis processes the of....Pmpro-Invoice table td, during operation, monitoring the pressure drop across the column. [ 2 ] principles... Stripped NH4+ results in this case in NH4NO3, which has a higher value... Generally steam/air is used for heating purpose in the first stripping and scrubbing of any digestate work!, Yenign, O., Demirel, B.: ammonia inhibition in anaerobic digestion by incorporating two hydrolysis... Vs.Stripping absorption ( gas absorption, gas scrubbing, gas washing ) -A gas mixture contacted. On the stripping and scrubbing of any digestate substrate to this mixture pH...: 25 % ; the latter is related to the scrubber unit via a horizontal laboratory glass tube the used. Substrate to this mixture contain nitrite and nitrate site for scientists, academics, teachers and!

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