Bhaju Man Chitrakar (18171874), Tej Bahadur Chitrakar (18981971) and Chandra Man Singh Maskey were other pioneer artists who introduced modern style paintings incorporating concepts of lighting and perspective. [84] He is known for building the white stupa at the Miaoying Temple in Beijing. They have a tradition to prepare various foods according to the festivals. Modern Nepal Bhasa literature began in the 1940s with the emergence of new genres like short stories, poems, essays, novels and plays. Jyapu women have a distinctive sari called Hku Patsi which is a black sari with distinctive red border. [CDATA[ Abandoning all material pleasures. The Newar dance consists of sacred masked dance,[66] religious dance without the use of masks known as Dyah Pyakhan, dance performed as part of a ritual and meditation practice known as Chachaa Pyakhan (Newar: ) (Charya Nritya in Sanskrit)[67] and folk dance. [37], Trade, industry and agriculture have been the mainstay of the economy of the Newars. Our City, Our Pride. Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. As a human being, one has to go through many events to qualify as a member of a community.Each event closes a chapter in life, and opens up another. They have greater freedom than their Brahman and Chhetri counterparts in Nepal, but nonetheless occupy the same subservient status in society. ." The earliest known history of Newar and the Kathmandu Valley blends with mythology recorded in historical chronicles. Any suggeston and commets are most welcome. [78] Newars introduced the lost-wax technique into Bhutan and they were commissioned to paint murals on the walls of monasteries there. The second main meal of the day is eaten after sunset and is similar to the morning meal but may include some meat dishes. For a thousand years, it was used on stone and copper plate inscriptions, coins (Nepalese mohar), palm-leaf documents and Hindu and Buddhist manuscripts. (February 22, 2023). The celebrations are held according to the lunar calendar, so the dates are changeable. This is symbolic of going to heaven. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Education levels in Nepal are low, with more than one-third of the adult population having no formal schooling. When Newars meet, they use the typical Nepl word of greeting, "Namaste," accompanied by the joining of hands, palms together, in front of the body. 1) Indra Jatra. Dessert consists of dhau ( yogurt), sisbus ( fruits) and mari ( sweets). Besides exhibiting a high level of skill in the traditional religious art, Newar artists have been at the forefront of introducing Western art styles in Nepal. LANGUAGE: Gondi Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Bista, Dor Bahadur. The ballad Rajamati about unlucky lovers is widely popular. Another major celebration is Pahan Charhe when portable shrines bearing images of mother goddesses are paraded through Kathmandu. The period 19091941 is known as the Nepal Bhasa renaissance period when writers defied official censure and braved imprisonment to create literary works. Buffalo, goat, and chicken are eaten, although pork is avoided, as is yak, which is considered as on a par with the cow. [17] A Sanskrit inscription dated to 512 in Tistung, a valley to the west of Kathmandu, contains the phrase "greetings to the Nepals" indicating that the term "Nepal" was used to refer to both the country and the people. Usually, children are the participants of the parade. People of Nepal. Gods, Men, and Territory: Society and Culture in Kathmandu Valley. Porters and pack mules transported merchandise over mountain tracks that formed the old trade routes. [106], In this ceremony, Buddhist Newars Gubhju-Bar (Bajracharya-Shakya), Ury, Jyapu and few artisan castes like Chitrakr perform their Pravrajy (Sanskrit: ) ceremony by mimicking Gautama Buddha's ascetic and medicant lifestyle and the steps to attain monkhood and nirvana where the boy stays in a Buddhist monastery, Vihara, for three days, living the life of a monk and abandoning all material pleasures. There are many rituals performed after the birth till death of the people. [93] In recent times, Newars have moved to different parts of Asia, Europe and America.[94][95][96]. By some means, Buddhist Newars like Gubhju-Bar (Bajracharya-Shakya), Ury, Jyapu, and Chitrakr perform their Pravrajy and Chudkarma ceremony in a unique way. brookstone therapeutic percussion massager with lcd screen; do nigel and jennifer whalley still own albury park This is also why, even after the death of the husband, a Newari girl is never considered a widow. Due to the caste culture, Rajopdhyyas and Chatharyas additionally perform the Upanayana initiation. The musical style and musical instruments are still in use today. Which, the young boy again abandons his family for the celibate religious life. The former is referred to as Buddhamarga, the latter as Sivamarga. As with other Nepls, Dasain (Dasahara, a Hindu festival ) is an important occasion marked by animal sacrifices. These rites again process the marriage of a girl to the sun. [12][13] Unlike other common-origin ethnic or caste groups of Nepal, the Newars are regarded as an example of a nation community with a relict identity, derived from an ethnically diverse, previously existing polity. Newars have traditionally been involved in agriculture, commerce, and crafts, and these remain their main occupations today. The Newa Autonomous State mandates to reconstruct the district division and create an autonomous Newa province. Houses line the streets and alleys of towns and villages with no gaps between them, their brick walls pierced by many windows, doors, and perhaps a veranda overhanging the street. [4] Traditionally, the process of bahra starts with a pooja conducted by the eldest woman of the house. Many rituals relate to the stages of life stages from birth, first rice-feeding, childhood, puberty, marriage, seniority and death. [58] Nepal Bhasa literature flourished for five centuries until 1850. Building elements like the carved Newar window, roof struts on temples and the tympanum of temples and shrine houses exhibit traditional creativity. Young men typically wear Western-style shirts and pants. The mourning period length can vary, but it's typically around 11 to 13 days long. The Jyapu is the farming caste, while Shresthas and Udas are merchants. [4] Newar rule in Nepal Mandala ended with its conquest by the Gorkha Kingdom in 1768. Many of the traditional handicrafts of the Newar focus on religious objects. Wind instruments include the bansuri (flute), payntah (long trumpet) and mwahali (short trumpet), chhusya, bhusya, taa (cymbals), and gongs are other popular instruments. They founded the Kiranti rule in the Kathmandu Valley. Somehow, there is a distinctive canon for a boy and a girl to be fed. [68] One of the most well-known seasonal songs is Sitala Maju. [108], Hindu Newars perform the male initiation ceremony called Kaeta Puja as a ritual observance of the brahmachrya the first stage in the traditional four stages of life. What is called "Nepal" today was formed after 1769 when the modern Shah state expanded across the region, conquering the valley city-states and . [7] Newars have continued their age-old traditions and practices and pride themselves as the true custodians of the religion, culture and civilisation of Nepal. Like many rural hill districts, Rukum has experienced very low school attendance since the conflict started, due to abductions by rebels who have often forced students and teachers to march to the remotest parts of the district to attend their cultural and "revolutionary orientation" programs. Only the higher echelons in the caste system claim to be exclusively Buddhist or Hindu. Sports and games of the Newars tend to be of the indoor variety, many of them involving gambling. Just above the level of the family is an important Newar socio-ritual organization known as the guthi. [34] RELIGION: Hinduism For the first time, his head would be fully shaved except for a tuft left at the top. One problem facing the Newars, who are classed by the government as janajatis, is whether or not to take advantage of the benefit offered by this status. The Gurkhas gained control of the Kathmandu Valley in 1768. The most important shrines in the Valley are Swayambhu Maha Chaitya or Swayambhunath (Buddhist) and Pashupatinath (Hindu). There are also masked dance dramas known as Daboo Pyakhan which enact religious stories to the accompaniment of music. In a Newari culture too, almost every ritual is as same as in other communities. Somehow, they choose the odd age number to do this ceremony. The Indian sr and blouse are also popular with Newar women. Since the 18th century, Newars have spread out across Nepal and established trading towns dotting the mid hills. Nepl, Gopal Singh. Although other groups in South Asia who speak Tibeto-Burman languages have given up their mother tongues, the Newar appear to be committed to preserving Newari as their language. Musicians from the Nau (barber) and Jyapu (farmer) castes accompany the procession to the cremation ground, which is usually on the banks of a river. The earliest poems date from the 1570s. During the rule of Sthunko, Indian Emperor Ashok visited Kathmandu. Lall, Kesar. Epic poetry describing historical events and tragedies are very popular. [27] Maithil Brahmin priests were invited to Kathmandu and many Maithil families settled in Kathmandu during Malla rule. [75] Stone sculpture, wood carving, repouss art and metal statues of Buddhist and Hindu deities made by the lost-wax casting process[76] are specimens of Newar artistry. Outside the valley, historical Newar settlements include Nuwakot,[87] Nala, Banepa, Dhulikhel, Panauti, Dolakha, Chitlang and Bhimphedi. Thus, if haphazardly, even the girls husband dies later in the future, she is not considered a widow because she is also married to Vishnu, who stands alive always and forever. Main life-cycle rituals are: rituals at and after birth ( mac bu benkegu, jankwa, etc. Last updated: Yalambar was the first Kiranti King. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Using the valley as a base of power, in the next few decades they succeeded in establishing the outlines of the modern state of Nepal. 22 Feb. 2023 . [89] Over the last two centuries, Newars have fanned out of the Kathmandu Valley and established trade centers and settled in various parts of Nepal. The common identity of Newar was formed in the Kathmandu Valley. We are not sure about the death ceremony, Besides that, you could take participate in every other ceremony. A, Nay/Khadgi/Shahi: Traditionally butchers and musicians. [29][35], Prior to the Gorkha conquest, which began with the Battle of Kirtipur in 1767, the borders of Nepal Mandala extended to Tibet in the north, the nation of the Kirata in the east, the kingdom of Makwanpur in the south[36] and the Trishuli River in the west which separated it from the kingdom of Gorkha. [100] Sithi Nakha is another big festival when worship is offered and natural water sources are cleaned. Normally, when a person reaches the age of 77 years, seven months, seven days, seven hours, seven minutes, and seven-quarter, they celebrate their Jankwo. Lakhamari is a Newari confection that comes in two forms. Newars visit and worship at both Hindu and Buddhist temples. They are made up of social groups associated with hereditary professions that provide ritual and economic services. the Brahmans and the chhetris) in the country. The Lichchhavis had come to Nepal from India. Newari people are a mix of Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman ethnicities. In the newar community, the following are the most probable known ceremonies associated with the birth of a child: The very first rite performed in anyones life is the Naam Karan (giving a name to the newborn baby). The beginnings of Newar civilization may date back as far as the 8th or 7th century bc, when the Kathmandu Valley was conquered by the Kirati tribe. Likewise, the second one is Chandrarat Rohan, the third one is Devaratharohan, and last but not the least, the fourth one is Divyaratharohan. The valley's trademark is the multiple-roofed pagoda which may have originated in this area and spread to India, China, Indochina and Japan. Bahra tayegu or bahra chuyegu (Nepal Bhasa: or ) is a coming of age ritual in the Newar community of Nepal in which girls between the ages of 7 to 13 are married to the sun god in a 12-day ceremony. People give such participants money, food and other gifts as a donation. Other artisan and service castes include barbers (Nau), potters (Kumha), blacksmiths (Kau), and sweepers (Chami). Ritual dresses consist of pleated gowns, coats and a variety of headresses. Menstruating Newar women can comb their own hair, and may continue to sleep in their usual place, although they sometimes go to another household woman's sleeping area to sleep. Yes, you can call this a myth or a fact but a girl is married to a fruit named bael in this event. There the boy receives a sacred thread along with a Vedic mantra called Gyatr mantra and Shiva mantra respectively. The Malla dynasty was noted for their patronisation of the Maithili language (the language of the Mithila region) which was afforded an equal status to that of Sanskrit in the Malla court. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. There are numerous loan-words in Newari, the result of a long history of contact with Sanskrit, Nepl, and other Indo-Aryan languages. They were brave. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Among the Newar, some 88% of households have children in primary school, while 52.3% have children in secondary schools-both values considerably higher than those for Nepal as a whole. The Kirantas settled in different places of Nepal, especially in the eastern Himalayas in the seventh century B.C. Further down in the caste hierarchy no distinction is made between Buddhists and Hindus, although preponderance towards Hinduism and worship of Hindu gods is much more prevalent among these castes. Western wear is the norm as in urban areas in the rest of the country. The "yukan," the washing of the corpse. This two-day long ceremony holds a marriage ritual henceforth, you can see in a typical Newari marriage there is no need to go to the brides house for the groom. Trade and industry developed. Childhood is a carefree time for Newari children, but they are soon initiated into adult life. For a female child, Ihi (Ehee)(Newar: ) short for Ihipaa (Eheep)(Newar: ) (Marriage) is performed between the ages of five to nine. [84][85] The most famous artisan who influenced stylistic developments in China and Tibet was Arniko, a Newar youth who traveled to the court of Kublai Khan in the 13th century AD. It is decorated with glitters and colorful beads (potya). Rice was another major export. [citation needed], For centuries, Newar merchants have handled trade between Tibet and India as well as exporting locally manufactured products to Tibet. POPULATION: 31 million Food is also an important part of the ritual and religious life of the Newars, and the dishes served during festivals and feasts have symbolic significance. This is a ceremony of cleping of a newborn baby which generally is held on the sixth day of the birth of a baby. LANGUAGE: Oriya The upper classes enjoy chess and other board games. The Newars believe in the existence of witches skilled in the black arts and in demons, ghosts, and evil spirits that haunt cremation grounds and crossroads. Her first marriage with Bel is regarded as eternal, and Bel fruit, the symbolic husband, is everlasting. [32] A shrine dedicated to Manjusri is still present in Majip. Several dialects of Newari are spoken in the Kathmandu Valley, with the standard form being that of Kathmandu. After the date is fixed, the eldest member of family or priest perform the puja. While other communities have no age limit to do this ceremony. It includes historically Newa residing settlements and Newa dominant zones of Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Newa towns of Dolakha, Newa settlements of Nuwakot, Newa settlements of Makwanpur, Newa settlements of Ramechhap, Newa settlements of Sindupalchok, Newa settlements of Kavre West.[63][64][65]. [40] A minority are Christian.[41]. [26] Snellgrove and Richardson (1968) speak of 'the direct heritage of pre-Islamic India'. Allowing for natural increase, the current population is estimated at just over 1.4 million. The local name of this ceremony is Macha Janku. [45] Three further Janku ceremonies are performed at similar auspicious milestones at age 83, 88 and 99. Woman wear cheeparsi (sari) and gaa (long length shawl) while younger girls wear ankle-length gowns (bhntnlan). RELATED ARTICLES: Vol. [51] It was used universally in stone and copper inscriptions, sacred manuscripts, official documents, journals, title deeds, correspondence and creative writing. String instruments are very rare. Despite efforts by the government, Newars are faced with problems of poverty, overcrowding, poor sanitation and inadequate health facilities. Marriage is usually arranged by parents who use a gobetween(lamee). [74] The murals on the walls of two 15th-century monasteries in the former kingdom of Mustang in the Nepal Himalaya provide illustrations of Newar works outside the Kathmandu Valley. This is a very common ceremony or an act done in every family of the newar community. Similarly, any soups are served in bot ( bowls made of leaves). The groom sends the bride's mother a gallon of milk as a symbolic act of repayment for her having suckled his future wife. [88] The Newars of Kathmandu founded Pokhara in 1752 at the invitation of the rulers of Kaski. The Newar Merchants in Lhasa. It is performed at the age of six or eight months for boys and at the age of five or seven months for girls. Newar religious culture is rich in ceremony and is marked by frequent festivals throughout the year. Death-pollution rituals are performed for a period of 10 to 12 days, and the mourning period ends with a feast and a purification ceremony (ghasu). According to the myth, the crow and the dogs are the ancestors as well as the god of death. Similarly, Bhai Tika is also done during Swanti. Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. No review on this yet. New Delhi: Manohar, 2002. People are performing this tradition for thousands of years with religious affiliation. One day, Adi Buddha (the primordial Buddha of Mahayana Buddhism, the sect of Buddhism that reveres Buddha as divine) created in these beings a longing to eat some of the earth, which tasted to them like almonds. This event is considered a Tantric grace rite that qualifies a Bajracharya to become a priest. Newar women cannot inherit property, but retain personal control over their dowry, often investing it in businesses such as money-lending or renting out livestock. Around the age of seven months, a first-feeding ceremony (known as Maca Jankwa) is held in the presence of family and priests. Also known as bael byah, it is a symbolic marriage with a bael (Aegle mermalous) fruit. RELIGION: Buddhist (Theravada); small numbers of Christians and Muslims These are often served by priests from the lower castes, and their worship involves blood sacrifice and offerings of liquor. According to this legend, the earth was originally uninhabited by humans, but half-male/half-female creatures from the Abode of Brahma used to visit the earth. Gai Jatra, when cows are decorated and led through the streets in a parade, is a festival of particular importance to Hindu Newars, as the cow holds a sacred place in Hinduism. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. A trilogy based on a 12-year research on Newari life cycle rituals arrives in the scholarly scene. And then, there are 20 steps the Japanese follow: "matsugo no mizu," the washing of the lips. 2023 Bhaktapur.com All right reserved. Newars marry within their own caste, but lack the clan structure and strict rules of clan exogamy (marrying outside one's group) associated with other Hindu groups. The first one is ihi- the marriage with god vishnu . This Gurumandala ritual been passed down for 1000 years -- without it there is no Mahayana and . Women are able to move outside the house with greater ease than Brahman and Chhetri women and also are able to start up their own businesses. In the last of these rituals, held at 99 years of age, a man enters his house through a window on the top floor (he is placed on a wooden shrine that is hoisted up by ropes). The snack generally consists of beaten rice, roasted and curried soybeans, curried potato and roasted meat mixed with spices. Previously a, Ghtu (summer music, this seasonal melody is played during, Mohani (festive joy, this seasonal tune is played during. ." Malla rule ushered in another era of artistic achievement. This Jatra is 1 month long and contains various celebration. This is the rice feeding ceremony, "Annapraasan" (Newar: ). This work can be seen in temples, palaces, and courtyards throughout the Kathmandu Valley. Descent is patrilineal (traced on the father's side), and the phuki (a term meaning "brother" but usually applied to cousins and their families) defines what is essentially an exogamous lineage. The Indo-Aryan groups came from India and simulated into the existing Tibeto-Burman culture. Buddhists are essentially monotheistic (believe in one god), but Newar Buddhists also recognize the Hindu gods Shiva, Vishnu, and other Brahmanical deities. There are many pre natal rituals, however majority of those: pusawan kriya, simatopanayan, for example are no longer in existence. On the same day of Mha Puja the Newari New Year is also celebrated, as per the Newari calendar or Nepal Sambat to be precise. The ballads Sitala Maju, about the expulsion of children from Kathmandu, Silu, about an ill-fated pilgrimage to Gosaikunda, and Ji Waya La Lachhi Maduni, about a luckless Tibet trader, are sung as seasonal songs. Furthermore, as Bhaktapurians, we are happy to work for promoting Bhaktapur. However, the date of retrieval is often important. In 1908, maestro Seturam Shrestha made the first recording of the song on gramophone disc in Kolkata. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. This meal is accompanied by pickled chilies, radishes, or other condiments. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/newars. Well, it. These ceremonies roam up around a single persons life from birth till death, actually even after death. The Newari are a mixed ethnic minority of Tibetans and Indians who, for centuries, have inhabited the beautiful hills near the Himalayas. Then only, the people savor the feast. LANGUAGE: Sinhala [31], According to the Swayambhu Purana, Manjusri then established a city called Manjupattan (Sanskrit "Land Established by Manjusri"), now called Manjip, and made Dharmkara its king. Nepal script is also known as Nepal Lipi and Nepal Akhala. These are called shora sanskar karma which indicates the 16 rites in Hindu and Buddhist religions. Tibetan influences on Newar art can be seen in the Golden Gate of Bhaktapur, a mid-18th century gilded copper gate considered the single most important work of art in the valley. The name Newar has no ethnic implications, but refers to the mixed peoples of both Mongoloid and Mediterranean stock who have settled the region over a period of more than 2,000 years. For other uses, see, Granthavali-v-1-11(pb) vol-5, Hazari Prasad kh", Rajkamal Prakashan Pvt Ltd, 1 January 2007, p.279. INTERPERSONAL . And of course, before the menstruation of girls. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. During this ritual death is mourned by the dead person's relatives for 13 days by wearing white clothes: this will help him to remain pure. Your email address will not be published. Kana kana picha (Blindfold game), Piyah (a game played with stone by pushing stone within the marks drawn in the ground), Gatti ( another game played with stone by hand), pasa are some games played by Newar people since ancient time. [42] In this regard, cults of the Mother Goddesses and their consorts, the Bhairavas, are particularly important. These include many jatras (e.g., Indra Jatra, Macchendra Jatra, and numerous festivals for Bhairava), when images of the deities are carried through the streets in procession. In Sikkim, many Newars became Taksaris helping the former kingdom in establishing coinage system. You can also check out how exactly the famous Juju dhau of Bhaktapur is made. It is believed that before the ritual the departed soul is a preta (evil spirit), and after performing this ritual . Newar religion is a mix of Mahyna Buddhism (the sect of Buddhism that reveres Buddha as divine), Hinduism, and older animistic beliefs. "The situation with regard to education has become so bad that it will take several decades to restore what we had achieved before the conflict started," said Dipendra Roka, a schoolteacher in Salle village in Rukum district, about 300 km northwest of the capital, Kathmandu. Most of the 140 cm (55 in) of annual rainfall falls during the summer monsoon period from June to September. Newar cuisine makes use of mustard oil and a host of spices such as cumin, sesame seeds, turmeric, garlic, ginger, mint, bay leaves, cloves, cinnamon, pepper, chilli and mustard seeds. Supari - A Traditional Newari Wedding Ceremony . [6] Newars have developed a division of labour and a sophisticated urban civilisation not seen elsewhere in the Himalayan foothills. Out of the three main cities of the Kathmandu Valley which are historically Newar, the city of Patan is the most Buddhist containing the four stupas built by Indian emperor Ashoka. Orientation This typically consists of boiled rice, lentil curry, and one or two dishes such as potatoes and green-leafed vegetables. They are known as jewelry makers and shopkeepers. It is a common ritual where the bride abandons her family and adopts her husbands name and family. [72] Traditional Newar art is basically religious art. Chattopadhyay, K. P. An Essay on the History of Newar Culture. They are made up of social groups associated with hereditary professions that provide ritual and economic services. However, for ritual activities, Hindu and Buddhist Newars have their own priests (Rajopadhyaya Brahmins for Hindus and Vajracharyas for Buddhists) and varying amounts of cultural differences. Death-pollution rituals are performed for a period of 10 to 12 days, and the mourning period ends with a feast and a purification ceremony (ghasu). [60], Newa Autonomous State is a proposed federal state of Nepal which establishes the historical native homeland of Newa people as a federal state. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. This no doubt reflects the fact that the bulk of the Newar live in the Kathmandu Valley, where access to educational institutions is easier than in the rest of the country. Kautily, an Indian economist, has written this. During the ritual, the young boy renounces family and lineage for the celibate religious life. Jankwo or Janku is an old-age celebration. Newari Rituals. Once they had eaten earth, they lost their power to fly back to their home. They call this loin-cloth and head-shaving ceremony Kaeta Puja. With the parsi is worn the misa-laa , a long-sleeved blouse that fastens at the side of the chest; the jani , a wide sash tied around the waist; and the ga or scarf. , , (Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Cultural Anthropology, University of Uppsala, Sweden), Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, "The matrilineal ancestry of Nepali populations", "Nepal, the Kathmandu Valley, and Some History", "Language, Caste, Religion and Territory: Newar Identity Ancient and Modern", "A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language", "Essays on the Languages, Literature and Religion of Nepal and Tibet", "Social Consequences of Marrying Visnu Nryana: Primary Marriage among the Newars of Kathmandu Valley", "An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal and of the Territories Annexed to this Dominion by the House of Gorkha", "Buddhism, Himalayan Trade, and Newar Merchants", http://web.comhem.se/~u18515267/CHAPTERII.htm#_ftn49, "A Portrait of Buddhism in Licchavi Nepal", "The Intangible Cultural Heritage of Nepal: Future Directions", "Linguistic Archaeology of the Nepal Valley: A Preliminary Report", "The Earliest Dated Document in Nepal Bhasa: The Palmleaf from Uku Bahah NS 234/AD 1114", "Population Classified by First Language Spoken", Nepal govt urged to give autonomy to Newa state, "Bhutan's Endangered Temple Art Treasures", "Traditional Art In Upheaval: The Development Of Modern Contemporary Art In Nepal", "Architectural jewels lost in haphazard urbanisation", "Ritual and Identity in the Diaspora: The Newars in Sikkim", "Karunamaya Jatra in Newar Buddhist Culture", "Sithi Nakha: The Newar Environment Festival", "Food, Ritual and Society: A Study of Social Structure and Food Symbolism among the Newars", "The Svanti Festival: Victory over Death and the Renewal of the Ritual Cycle in Nepal", "A Modern Newar Guide for Vajrayana Life-Cycle Rites", "Sacrifice, Regeneration and Gifts: Mortuary Rituals among Hindu Newars of Kathmandu", Elements of Newar Buddhist Art:Circle of Bliss, An authentic source of information on Madhyapur Thimi, a rich Newar town, Newah Site Pasa Puchah Guthi, United Kingdom, Newars, new and old French scholar Grard Toffin's work on Newars, Newar Society: City, Village and Periphery.

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