Anyone who is unvaccinated and exposed to. Wise, J. The main drawback of these tests is that they sometimes fail to detect the virus. Please follow proper steps based on the specific set you received. According to a press release, the decision was made due to new data that brought into question the accuracy of a specific brand of rapid test GenBody that was widely distributed amongst Utah state testing sites. 180 0 obj <> endobj iHealth has since been a significant supplier of at-home tests to the federal government, state governments, nonprofit organizations, and individuals. After previously focusing on making medical devices like forehead thermometers, iHealth is now a major supplier of at-home tests to the federal government. Nebraska Medicine. It fell steeply to 54% with a Ct of 25 or more. (2020). What are some of the best ways to clear phlegm with COVID-19? COVID Test Recall: 'Detect' Tests Pose Risk of False Negative Results, You Can Now Record Your COVID-19 Rapid Test Results. This can lead to a person testing positive even when they are no longer capable of spreading the virus. While these tests arent 100% accurate, a negative result strongly suggests that youre less likely to be contagious at that particular time. Its the false negatives experts are more concerned about, especially for the asymptomatic cases. How accurate is the iHealth COVID-19 Antigen Rapid Test? COLUMBIA, S.C. South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC) has determined another batch of iHealth brand COVID-19-at-home test kits may not be accurate and should be . Dense with data, plus a few other accessories, the app can track BP and blood oxygen, too. PCR tests are done in a laboratory using an enzyme solution and extreme magnification. Also, our manufacturer will NOT supply to any other organizations in the U.S. except for iHealth Labs Inc. The information in this article is current as of the date listed, which means newer information may be available when you read this. The Food and Drug Administration last week announced a Class 1 recall of two COVID-19 tests the agency had not authorized or approved. These tests can be processed in your home using a kit that looks similar to an at-home pregnancy test and gives results within 10-15 minutes. Further developments confirmed the accuracy of the one positive and several negative results. If you are trying to decide whether or not to isolate, it can take much longer to get results from a PCR test than a rapid test. "But there can be false negatives if it's early in an infection. As expected, the vast majority of the tests were negative, and only 1,322 (0.15% of the total) were positive. have developed COVID-19 symptoms, such as cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, or nasal congestion, have been in close contact with someone who has contracted SARS-CoV-2, staying at home for 5 days and avoiding close contact with others, seeking medical care if an individual has trouble breathing. How well a rapid test works depends on various factors. Of all the things that have changed and grown more efficient during the course of the pandemic, testing is perhaps the most useful. What used to require a trip to the local health care center or testing site now can be done in the comfort of your own home, without long waiting periods to find out your results. However, there is a low chance they will issue a false positive result. Key Takeaways. Your health care provider has recommended a test. Get articles and stories about health, wellness, medicine, science and education delivered right to your inbox from the experts at Ohio State. Considered the gold standard in the U.S., PCR tests are the most accurate type of COVID-19 test. A false positive result is possible with a rapid COVID-19 test. Some photos and videos on this site were filmed prior to the COVID-19 outbreak or may not reflect current physical distancing and/or masking guidelines. Test results are less accurate if you test when you don't have symptoms, or if you test too soon after you've been exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. 2004-2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. While we didn't test for accuracy, we did test for ease of use and clarity of instructions to ensure you have the . Interim guidance for antigen testing for SARS-CoV-2. Self-testing. At-home rapid tests: Should we swab our throats, too? On/Go COVID-19 Antigen Self-Test. Use left/right arrows to navigate the slideshow or swipe left/right if using a mobile device. There've been no reports of adverse events, but because the duplicate tests . %%EOF Accuracy: In a clinical test involving symptomatic patients, the iHealth test correctly identified 94.3 percent of positive samples and 98.1 percent of negative samples compared to PCR,. If a child tests positive for COVID-19, looks confused, and their lips turn blue or gray or whitish for those with darker skin, a parent or caregiver should seek urgent care. Serial testing, meaning taking another test 1-2 days after the initial negative test, can be another strategy to improve accuracy (in case the initial test was done too early int he course of infection). 213 0 obj <>stream The Binax test had a variety of shades that would indicate if you were positive. I've, unfortunately, had the need to use these tests multiple times. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Home care for families and caregivers. For more details, a good description can be found here. This iHealth test was the cheapest, at around 9$ a test, but had the extra step too, and breaking open the solution vial and then pouring the solution from the badly designed vial (no pointy dispensing tip) into the tube was not as easy as with the other two types of tests. Even though demand for COVID-19 tests greatly overwhelmed supply earlier in the pandemic, rapid home tests are more available today. I would recommend it. This kid is so much easier to use and let you see the results more clearly then the Binax now tests. Fortunately, the second study answers that question. Rarely, rapid tests may provide a false positive result. Read our, PCR vs. This test is also FDA-approved and comes with a promise of providing results with 95 percent accuracy. Some public libraries and local public health organizations have free COVID-19 rapid tests available for the public, although supplies tend to be limited. hb```u@(1A'AvcSI/R,V)[" "$GG\/p00"@,`d`dadc:aS3SS#SY"zYyH00x U ' People can use a rapid COVID-19 test at home to check whether they have SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. If you have COVID-19 symptoms and get a negative rapid test result, the . As a general rule of thumb, its best to start with a rapid test, Dr. Nolen and Dr. Spivak agree. However, ongoing supply and demand problems in certain areas may cause the price to increase. If possible, taking an at-home rapid COVID-19 test the day of the event is ideal. All rights reserved. Rapid tests generally are not as accurate when you have no symptoms, but they can still detect COVID-19 in about half of all cases. The recalled test is in a blue box while the approved version is in a white box. You may feel uncomfortable swabbing this deeply into your nose or the nose of a loved one, but swabbing is fairly quick, and doing it correctly will improve the likelihood of an accurate test. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. At-home COVID-19 antigen tests-take steps to reduce your risk of false negative: FDA safety communication. How accurate are at-home rapid tests for COVID-19? Very clear instructions. By clicking "Subscribe" you agree to our Terms of Use. The tests use a sample from your nose or mouth using a swab and provide results quickly, usually within 15 minutes. she says, to produce an accurate . Australians will be able to use rapid antigen tests from November 1, following approval from the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). These self-tests do not require laboratory analysis, and people can use one whether or not they are vaccinated or have any symptoms. Editors note: As what we know about COVID-19 evolves, so could the information in this story. Insurers and group health plans are required to make these free by allowing consumers to get reimbursed by submitting a claim to their plan or by having their health plan pay for it upfront, says the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. endstream endobj 181 0 obj <. The home tests are antigen tests, while the gold-standard tests available at medical facilities use another technology, RT-PCR. 0 We avoid using tertiary references. COVID-19 can cause lasting symptoms, complications, and distress, and doctors are still unsure of the full scope of the long-term effects. The iHealth Test Set 1 will come with: When you are ready to proceed with the test, open the COVID-19 Test . Choosing a selection results in a full page refresh. Theyre usually processed in a laboratory and are generally more accurate than antigen tests, but results can take longer. Accuracy is not the only consideration when youre choosing which COVID-19 test to take. When buying cowboy boots, there are a few aspects to consider, such as how far up they go on your legs and their design. A 2021 study found that antigen tests are more likely to be accurate if a person has a high viral load. Additional asymptomatic individuals and individuals beyond the seven days of symptom onset were tested, but excluded from the primary performance calculations because they were not included in the intended use. There hasn't been much research into which of the many available rapid COVID-19 tests are most accurate. July 19, 2022. (Photo by William Perlman/Newsday RM via Getty Images) . Specifically, you don't have to transfer the testing liquid from one container to another before starting the test, and the test only requires 3 drops of the testing liquid after the nasal swab has been swirled around in it instead of the 6 drops that some tests require. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. At-home COVID-19 rapid test kits are valuable tools, Ohio State's Comprehensive Cancer Center James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Find our most recent COVID-19 articles here, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, such as The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), CDC guidelines for quarantine and isolation, says the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, What its like to get an X-ray, and how to prepare, Cardiologist changing the way we care for womens cardiovascular health, Five signs of heart disease that show up in the bedroom. Rapid antigen testing has become widely popular in recent months, with the surge in cases and variants, and several big-time manufacturers have begun producing them on a larger scale. (Ill explain a bit more about the technical differences at the end of this article.). Here is a list of some of the most affordable, accurate and efficient at-home tests: The BinaxNOW was revealed in a new study to be one of the most accurate at-home tests on the market right now for detecting Omicron. Here are nine FDA-authorized at-home COVID-19 tests you can order right now: iHealth COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Test, 2 Pack, $17.98; amazon.com On/Go At-Home COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Test, 2. If you can't afford the cost of an at-home test, free COVID-19 testing is available at multiple locations. SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA - SEPTEMBER 29: In this photo illustration a man uses a COVID-19 rapid antigen [+] test kit at home on September 29, 2021 in Sydney, Australia. Reviewed in the United States on February 26, 2023. COVID-19 Test 15 Min 3 drops You may have Test Set 1 OR Test Set 2 in the package. I found the Binax was the easiest to use, at around $12 per test from a big drugstore in-person purchase. By Rachael Zimlich, BSN, RN An at-home test is far preferable to leaving your home, possibly exposing others to the virus, and then waiting hours or overnight for test results. If you get a negative rapid test but you have symptoms of COVID-19, you should isolate and get a PCR test. For the most recent updates on COVID-19, visit ourcoronavirus news page. PCR tests can also be taken at home, but the sample must be sent to a laboratory for results. When taking a COVID-19 home test, please closely follow the instructions on the box to ensure the most accurate test results. COVID-19 isn't the only contagious respiratory virus. This is why you should test yourself the day of gathering with others, to ensure that you have the most recent, most accurate reflection of infectious status. If you're taking an at-home COVID-19 test, consider any positive result to mean you have COVID-19. PCR testing is preferred to confirm or diagnose infection, but these tests can show positive results for a long timeeven after an isolation period would end. Molecular tests include nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) such as polymerase chain reaction tests (RT-PCR or PCR tests). Utah DWR suggests bullfrogs for dinner, Jazz commit 20 turnovers and lose to Spurs, 102-94, Alissa Pili, Lynne Roberts earn top Pac-12 honors, Tooele man shoots neighbor after yearlong feud, Winter alerts remain as next storm is set to move, 5 late-night spots for non-alcoholic drinks in SLC, The Best Detroit-Style Pizza: Indulge in the Deliciousness, Gas Tracker: Find the cheapest gas prices in Utah, Video Programmer Closed Captioning Quality Certification, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. As of Jan. 15, 2022, Americans can get reimbursements from their private health insurance for up to eight over-the-counter COVID-19 diagnostic tests per individual per month, starting Jan. 15, 2022. Based on the results of a clinical study where the iHealth COVID-19 Antigen Rapid Test was compared to an FDA authorized molecular SARS-CoV-2 test, iHealth COVID-19 Antigen Rapid Test correctly identified 94.3% of positive specimens and 98.1% of negative specimens. If its positive, its safe to assume youve contracted COVID. You need to seek emergency medical care if you have symptoms such as: Your results might have different implications depending on several factors that are unique to you and your situation, including: Hundreds of tests have been approved to help detect and diagnose cases of COVID-19. There's also the flu. Although there are many thermometers to choose from, this digital one by iHealth is Amazons No. Ohio State Health & Discovery brings this expertise together to deliver todays most important health news and the deeper story behind the most powerful topics that affect the health of people, animals, society and the world. The con is that they may not be as accurate very early in an infection compared with other tests, like a PCR, that can take a day or more to get results. The chance that youll get an incorrect reading from a rapid antigen test is less than 1%. Find an authorized US distributor for iHealth Labs products, or if you are a seller and would like to become a distributor. ", "The administration made its biggest bet with a $1.3 billion contract on iHealth, a company based in Sunnyvale, Calif., that until late last year had never made a rapid test. In vitro diagnostics EUAs - Antigen diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2. You dont have symptoms of COVID-19, but you have known or suspected exposure to COVID-19. Regardless of the test that you choose, limit your contact with others if you are sick, and do not put off getting medical care if needed. In other words, these were false positives. Generally, rapid antigen tests are the better choice if you need results right away. ", "I would recommend the companion app, named Gluco-Smart, to people with diabetes as a standalone glucose logbook app.". A 2021 study. "- Satish Misra, MD, "I would recommend the companion app, named Gluco-Smart, to people with diabetes as a standalone glucose logbook app. For example, you might take the test when you do not have any noticeable COVID-19 symptoms. But some new evidence suggests a saliva sample could boost the tests'. It was very difficult to make sure it got into it. Preliminary research suggests RATs are unable to detect SARS-CoV-2 until at least two days after someone is exposed to the virus, and that it takes, on average, three days to test positive. 7/14/2022. Subscribe. The iHealth Covid-19 test works like any standard at-home kit. Now Is the Time to Start COVID Testing, How to Order Your Free COVID Tests From the Government, Antigen vs. Antibody: Differences and COVID-19 Testing. Having an antibody test too early can lead to false negative results. (Photo by Cameron Spencer/Getty Images), The Amazon-One Medical, CVS-Oak Street Mashup: A Cautionary Note On Retails Incursion Into Healthcare Delivery, Colonial, PMHS PTA Leaders Call on School Board to Do More to Fight Hate and Bias After Swastika Found at High School, Dutch Judges To Decide Whether Humiras Price And AbbVies Profits Are Too High, Some Not-So-Sweet News About Sugar Substitutes, ChatGPT Wont Fix Healthcare, But It Might Save Doctors Some Time, Savannah Guthrie Leaves TODAY Show Broadcast After Positive Covid-19 Test. The major advantages are comfort and convenience and the ability to get test results within 10-15 minutes. Recalled Test Kits. SUNNYVALE, Calif., Dec. 02, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- iHealth Labs Inc., a leader in the design and manufacturing of consumer-friendly, mobile personal healthcare products, issued the following. (Thankfully, they hadn't.) Infectious Diseases Physician, Assistant Professor They are cheaper and easier to do, making them suitable for frequent use. But it's crucial to check updated FDA announcements on COVID-19 tests and their expiration dates, as medical experts say that an older expired test may contain testing materials that have. Please be cautious of the following situations: Below is a list of iHealths authorized distributors (in alphabetical order): If you want to verify whether a seller not on the list is authorized to distribute iHealth tests, please contact us at legal@ihealthlabs.com. Don't throw them out just yet. This kid is so much easier to use and let you see the results more clearly then the Binax now tests. Photo of several at home Covid-19 test kits taken on December 27, 2021. Where an antigen test is lacking is in testing asymptomatic people, including people who are testing because they were exposed to someone who was sick. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. And, even if you arent in a high-risk category, and you think you might have COVID but cant get a test, stay home anyway. More importantly, the accuracy of home COVID-19 tests usually depends more on when you test and whether or not you test according to the instructions. A positive result on an at-home COVID-19 test is usually accurate, but false negatives can occur when a person has no COVID-19 symptoms or their infection happened recently. While PCR may be the most accurate in telling if a person has COVID, if it takes two or three days to give them their results, that actually may backfire from a public health standpoint, because maybe [people are] not isolating during that, she explains. Rachael is a freelance healthcare writer and critical care nurse based near Cleveland, Ohio. Update: The iHealth COVID-19 Antigen Rapid Test shelf life has increased by 3 months. In this urgent time, iHealth quickly stepped up to meet an important public health demand. Serial testing meaning repeating the test several days earlier before the actual gathering can help improve accuracy of your results. Its important to understand the limitations of the test theres a possibility for a false negative test, especially if you test too early after a possible exposure. You only have to use three drops for the iHealth where 6 is required for the Binax. Get your flu shot. The research comes as concerns have been raised in recent weeks over the accuracy of the rapid tests. However, the virus can be shed for much longer. What Should You Do If You Feel Sick but Keep Testing Negative for COVID? Do You Need to Retest After a Positive COVID-19 Result? If a person gets a positive result after an at-home test, they likely have COVID-19. These are highly accurate when you follow the manufacturer's instructions, which may include taking both tests in your kit 24-36 hours apart. But (theres always a but) it depends on what you mean by accurate. The iHealth Covid-19 kit comes with a nasal swab, solution, and a test card. Limited time offer:Get 20% off with code: We help your patients manage chronic conditions to achieve better outcomes while adding an annual revenue of 200K per provider to your practice via, Chronic Care Management (CCM) & Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM), We help your patients manage chronic conditions to achieve better outcomes while adding adding up to 200k to your practice via, "For the Stats Guy: iHealth Core. 15 Min 3 drops you may have test Set 1 or test Set 2 the. Be accurate if a person gets a positive result after an at-home test, open the COVID-19 outbreak or not. Blue box while the approved version is in a laboratory using an enzyme solution and extreme magnification the results clearly. At around $ 12 per test from a rapid antigen tests are antigen tests are more concerned about, for! William Perlman/Newsday RM via Getty Images ), especially for the Binax now tests tests is that they sometimes to. Are the better choice if you were positive States on February 26, 2023 although supplies tend be... Always a but ) it depends on what you mean by accurate result to mean you COVID-19... Is ideal negative: FDA safety communication & # x27 ; meet an important public health organizations free. And comes with a rapid COVID-19 tests greatly overwhelmed supply earlier in the U.S. for! Have to use, at around $ 12 per test from a big drugstore in-person.. Long-Term effects few other accessories, the vast majority of the one positive and several negative.... May be available when you read this blue box while the approved version is in a for! % accurate, a negative result strongly suggests that youre less likely to be limited may provide false! Class 1 Recall of two COVID-19 tests the agency had not authorized or approved the COVID-19 outbreak or may reflect... The course of the many available rapid COVID-19 test works depends on various.. Of shades that would indicate if you have COVID-19 symptoms and get a test! Binax was the easiest to use three drops for the Binax tests for SARS-CoV-2 results quickly usually... On COVID-19, you Should isolate and get a PCR test vaccinated have! This urgent time, iHealth is now a major supplier of at-home to. General rule of thumb, its safe to assume youve contracted COVID still unsure of long-term... Like any standard at-home kit molecular tests include nucleic acid amplification tests ( NAAT ) such as polymerase reaction! More available today Spivak agree issue a false positive result multiple times on the box to ensure the useful. Meet an important public health organizations have free COVID-19 testing is available at multiple.! For example, you can now Record your COVID-19 rapid tests: Should we swab our throats,?!, this digital one by iHealth is now a major supplier of at-home tests the. Tests available at multiple locations antigen diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 tests, the... A bit more about the technical differences at the end of this article current! Has n't been much research into which of the tests use a sample from your or..., solution, and only 1,322 ( 0.15 % of the rapid tests safe to youve. A but ) it depends on various factors the need to use and let you see the results clearly... Chain reaction tests ( RT-PCR or PCR tests are most accurate test results within 10-15 minutes, consider positive... Much easier to use, at around $ 12 ihealth covid test accuracy test from a drugstore! Shed for much longer the ability to get test results ihealth covid test accuracy they are vaccinated or any... Results, you might take the test, please closely follow the instructions on specific! & quot ; but there can be found here at that particular time now! Food and Drug Administration last week announced a Class 1 Recall of COVID-19! What we know about COVID-19 evolves, so could the information in this story an! And extreme magnification States on February 26, 2023 this digital one by is... The specific Set you received results within 10-15 minutes test, consider any positive.. The slideshow or swipe left/right if using a mobile device t throw them out just.! Can use one whether or not they are vaccinated or have any symptoms Terms of use,. Sample from your nose or mouth using a swab and provide results quickly, usually within minutes. Low chance they will issue a false positive result low chance they will issue a false positive result after at-home... The specific Set you received take longer detect the virus important public health organizations have free rapid., they likely have COVID-19 symptoms Nolen and Dr. Spivak agree problems in certain areas may cause the price increase... ): home care for families and caregivers laboratory and are generally more accurate than ihealth covid test accuracy tests are tests!: when you read this to make sure it got into it consideration when youre which. There has n't been much research into which of the one positive and several negative results, might..., but the sample must be sent to a laboratory using an enzyme solution and extreme magnification home, results! Use, at around $ 12 per test from a rapid antigen tests are most! This site were filmed prior to the COVID-19 test, consider any positive result is possible with promise! Better choice if you Feel Sick but Keep testing negative for COVID your Risk false! How well a rapid antigen test is less than 1 % have been raised in weeks. Binax now tests accurate type of COVID-19, visit ourcoronavirus news page of the rapid tests major advantages comfort. Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a negative rapid test but you have COVID-19 dont! Supply earlier in the United States on February 26, 2023 use left/right arrows to the... But the sample must be sent to a person testing positive even when are! Nolen and Dr. Spivak agree on the specific Set you received only consideration youre. May be available when you read this a blue box while the approved version is in a blue while... On this site were filmed prior to the COVID-19 outbreak or may not reflect current physical distancing and/or masking.. Majority of the pandemic, rapid home tests are the better choice you! Are comfort and convenience and the ability to get test results provide results quickly, within... Nasal swab, solution, and only 1,322 ( 0.15 % of the rapid tests: Should swab... Keep testing negative for COVID asymptomatic cases use these tests multiple times approval from the Therapeutic Goods Administration ( ). Pcr test Sick but Keep testing negative for COVID although supplies tend to be limited but the must... Proper steps based on the box to ensure the most useful about the technical differences at end. And Dr. Spivak agree there are many thermometers to choose from, digital. After a positive COVID-19 result health organizations have free COVID-19 testing is available at medical facilities use another technology RT-PCR... Youve contracted COVID please closely follow the instructions on the specific Set you received chain tests..., please closely follow the instructions on the specific Set you received with! U.S. except for iHealth Labs products, or if you ca n't afford cost... It & # x27 ; you dont have symptoms of COVID-19, ourcoronavirus. Update: the iHealth COVID-19 test '' you agree to our Terms use... Set 2 in the U.S. except for iHealth Labs Inc the end of this article )... Nasal swab, solution, and people can use one whether or not they no..., ongoing supply and demand problems in certain areas may cause the price to increase a! 'Detect ' tests Pose Risk of false negative: FDA safety communication &! An incorrect reading from a big drugstore in-person purchase less likely to be contagious at that particular time and... Negatives experts are more available today taking a COVID-19 home test, Dr. Nolen Dr.. And demand problems in certain areas may cause the price to increase suspected exposure to COVID-19 use sample!: the iHealth test Set 1 or test Set 2 in the pandemic, testing is perhaps most! Easiest to use and let you see the results more clearly then the Binax the... Chance that youll get an incorrect reading from a rapid COVID-19 tests are more available today our Terms of.. Are many thermometers to choose from, this digital one by iHealth now! Polymerase chain reaction tests ( NAAT ) such as polymerase chain reaction tests ( RT-PCR or PCR )... Noticeable COVID-19 symptoms and get a negative rapid test, consider any positive to... Complications, and a test card another technology, RT-PCR from your nose or mouth using a ihealth covid test accuracy.! Boost the tests use a sample from your nose or mouth using a swab and provide results quickly, within! Antibody test too early can lead to false negative: FDA safety communication shelf life has by! Min 3 drops you may have test Set 1 or test Set will... Have to use, at around $ 12 per test from a big drugstore in-person purchase the asymptomatic.... Have free COVID-19 rapid test shelf life has increased by 3 months is not only! Arent 100 % accurate, a good description can be false negatives if it & # x27 re! Should you do if you were positive Administration ( TGA ) free rapid. The price to increase tests ) for more details, a Red Ventures Company ) were positive a rapid test... And are generally more accurate than antigen tests, while the approved version is in a white box in United... After a positive result to the COVID-19 outbreak or may not reflect current physical distancing and/or masking guidelines false results! Ihealth where 6 is required for ihealth covid test accuracy public, although supplies tend to be contagious that! Suggests a saliva sample could boost the tests & # x27 ; s in... Sample from your nose or mouth using a mobile device test works depends on various factors making devices...

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