Its counsel to Act,act in the living Present! and its injunction to be up and doing, / With a heart for any fate gave poetic expression to the motto he had discovered in a German graveyard and translated in the epigraph to Hyperion, A Romance (1839) as Look not mournfully into the Past. She was in and out of consciousness throughout the night and was administered ether. He was required to live in Cambridge to be close to the campus and, therefore, rented rooms at the Craigie House in the spring of 1837. He entered Bowdoin College at the age of 15, and one of his classmates was Nathaniel Hawthorne; the two would remain lifelong friends. Fate, however, intervened to protect him from the bar. This collection was Longfellows version of Geoffrey Chaucers Canterbury Tales or Giovanni Boccaccios Decameron. [102] He was inspired, for example, by Norse mythology for "The Skeleton in Armor" and by Finnish legends for The Song of Hiawatha.[103]. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, (born February 27, 1807, Portland, Massachusetts [now in Maine], U.S.died March 24, 1882, Cambridge, Massachusetts), the most popular American poet in the 19th century, known for such works as The Song of Hiawatha (1855) and "Paul Revere's Ride" (1863). His father, Stephen Longfellow, was an attorney and a Harvard graduate active in public affairs. Among his most significant works are "A Psalm of Life" (1839), "The Village Blacksmith" (1842), "Paul Revere's Ride" (1861), and the book-length poems Evangeline (1847) and Song of Hiawatha (1855). . In the book, Myles fancied Priscilla but was too shy to tell her . [86] The next year, he declined an offer to be nominated for the Board of Overseers at Harvard "for reasons very conclusive to my own mind". [55] During the courtship, Longfellow frequently walked from Cambridge to the Appleton home in Beacon Hill in Boston by crossing the Boston Bridge. 1. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. [74] Longfellow was awakened from his nap and rushed to help her, throwing a rug over her, but it was too small. [127] Poet Walt Whitman considered him an imitator of European forms, but he praised his ability to reach a popular audience as "the expressor of common themesof the little songs of the masses". [24] He traveled to France, Spain, Italy, Germany, back to France, then to England before returning to the United States in mid-August 1829. 4.3.1: The Pioneers (1823) is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. [117] His popularity spread throughout Europe, as well, and his poetry was translated during his lifetime into Italian, French, German, and other languages. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. 1807-1882 Ranked #33 in the top 500 poets. His second wife, Frances Appleton, died in 1861 after sustaining burns when her dress caught fire. After translating Dante, he returned to the task he had long intended as the capstone of his workthe three-part chronicle of Christianity and its virtues initiated with The Golden Legend. The New England Tragedies a pairing of John Endicott (1857) and Giles Corey of the Salem Farms (1868)on which he had begun working around the time he composed The Courtship of Miles Standish, appeared in 1868. He once attended a ball without her and noted, "The lights seemed dimmer, the music sadder, the flowers fewer, and the women less fair. In his grief Longfellow moved on to Heidelberg and immersion in German literaturereadings in Goethe, Schiller, Ludwig Uhland, Jean Paul Richter, E.T.A. jOKO* 1 iHliSUMtfililafill ,lill ^*'^ vO ,, ^ '" ^" A^ 0>' ^^ ''>.'^ ^'^ U. ,v .^^..o ^- .^^' - [118] Scholar Bliss Perry suggests that criticizing Longfellow at that time was almost a criminal act equal to "carrying a rifle into a national park". See answer (1) Copy. Longfellow himself recognized that most of his poems belonged to the imitative rather than the imaginative school of art that his spokesman Paul Flemming distinguished in Hyperion. Lewiss first love was poetry, and it enabled him to write the prose for which he is remembered. Stanzas to a Lady on Leaving England 13. These virtues made him sovereign of more hearts than any other poet of his generation. James Russell Lowell also traced Longfellows honored status to personal virtues in demanding of the irascibly jealous Poe, Does it make a man worse that his characters such / As to make his friends love him (as you think) too much? Henry W. Longfellow, photographed by Mathew Brady, 1859. Aside from two Phi Beta Kappa poemsthe first at Bowdoin in 1832 and the other the next year at Harvardthe poetry he was composing consisted chiefly of translations from Romance languages that he used in his classes and articles. [9] There Longfellow met Nathaniel Hawthorne who became his lifelong friend. [36] Longfellow published several nonfiction and fiction prose pieces in 1833 inspired by Irving, including "The Indian Summer" and "The Bald Eagle". [32], He published the travel book Outre-Mer: A Pilgrimage Beyond the Sea in serial form before a book edition was released in 1835. He was also the first American to translate Dante Alighieri's The Divine Comedy and was one of the five members of the group known as the . Daughter of Nathan Appleton I b. Tributes of many kinds testified to public affectionvisits to Craigie House by prominent literary and political figures and even the emperor of Brazil, public tributes, and escalating requests for autographs. [7] They included Mayflower Pilgrims Richard Warren, William Brewster, and John and Priscilla Alden through their daughter Elizabeth Pabodie, the first child born in Plymouth Colony.[8]. The Golden Legend (1851), set in 13th-century Italy, was destined to become the middle section of the work he conceived as his masterpiece, Christus: A Mystery (1872). His reputation could also benefit from renewed critical respect for sentimentalism, especially as that respect gets extended to male authors. Restless and sorrowful, Longfellow then set out alone to travel through the Tyrol and Switzerland. Longfellow was grief- stricken over her death, and wrote poems that reflected his feelings. To prepare himself for the new opportunity, Longfellow undertook another period of European travelthis time accompanied by his wife and two of her friends. Damaetas 4. It was reported that 10,000 copies of The Courtship of Miles Standish sold in London in a single day. Now that he had discovered his voice and his audience as a poet, Longfellow achieved personal happiness as well. Longfellows translation, still respected for its linguistic appreciation and literary merit, appeared in an 1865-67 three-volume edition, although he completed the translation in spring 1864. [135] As a friend once wrote, "no other poet was so fully recognized in his lifetime". [125] Longfellow did not respond publicly but, after Poe's death, he wrote: "The harshness of his criticisms I have never attributed to anything but the irritation of a sensitive nature chafed by some indefinite sense of wrong". [105], He was important as a translator; his translation of Dante became a required possession for those who wanted to be a part of high culture. He was engaged in ambitious projects. He toured Europe between 1826 and 1829, and upon returning, went on to become the first professor of modern . How different is today's global economy from British poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's vision of productionnoble, lo- cal . (L.M.) The most humorous and charming of his longer narrative poems, The Courtship of Miles Standish relates a story already familiar (especially in Longfellows family) about John Aldens fortunate failure in his dutiful attempt to woo the maiden he loves on behalf of the widowed captain of Plymouth, his friend Miles Standish. It was probably the most celebrated American poem of the century. "[64], He and Fanny had six children: Charles Appleton (18441893), Ernest Wadsworth (18451921), Fanny (18471848), Alice Mary (18501928), Edith (18531915), and Anne Allegra (18551934). Page III CONTENTS. [81] It went through four printings in its first year. Longfellow saw the . In many ways Longfellow may be read as a friend of American multiculturalism even if Hiawatha ultimately exocitizes Native peoples and their culture. Romance 3. Many, especially Torquemada and The Saga of King Olaf, were surprisingly violent. His father was a lawyer, and his maternal grandfather was Peleg Wadsworth, a general in the American Revolutionary War and a Member of Congress. Shortly after his return from Europe, he began his courtship of Mary Potter, daughter of Judge Barrett Potter; she was a Portland neighbor who was a friend of his sister Anne. [89] He had been suffering from peritonitis. He retired from teaching in 1854 to focus on his writing, and he lived the remainder of his life in the Revolutionary War headquarters of George Washington in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The mansion was the poet's home until he entered Bowdoin College in 1821. When an eye injury that may have resulted from his intensive editing and translating efforts for the massive The Poets and Poetry of Europe (1845) interfered with his writing, she helped by reading aloud for him, copying out his poem drafts, and handling much of his correspondence. Despite relatively tepid public response to this effort, Longfellow persevered with The Divine Tragedy (1871), in which he represented Christian hope through dramatization of Christs Passion and its effects on many characters drawn from the Bible. Fanny Longfellow took pride in her husbands growing reputation and actively assisted him. by. The leading poet of the Victorian era, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882) contributed to the development of a distinctly American literature. Based on Chippewa (Ojibway) culture and traditions as represented by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft and John Tanner, on John G. E. Heckewelders defense of Delaware culture, and on Longfellows acquaintance with an Ojibway chief who stayed at his house, the poem also drew on widespread literary and visual representations of the West to construct what Longfellow called his Indian Edda. Edda reflects the Scandinavian influences also evident in this poem, most remarkably in the unrhymed trochaic meter he borrowed from the Kalevala, a Finnish folk epic composed by Elias Lnrott. Aspiring to scholarly recognition beyond Brunswick, Longfellow also regularly wrote essays on French, Spanish, and Italian languages and literatures for the North American Review between 1831 and 1833. [132] A more modern critic said, "Who, except wretched schoolchildren, now reads Longfellow? That poem appeared in one of those assemblages of short poems, identified as Birds of Passage, that Longfellow introduced in The Courtship of Miles Standish and Other Poems and returned to frequently in subsequent volumes. Delve into the life and poetry ofone of the chief architects of the Black Arts Movement in Chicago, Carolyn Marie Rodgers (1940-2010), with a very special guest: Carolyns sister, Nina Annie Finch explores the metaphorical meaning of winter. Test. Life and Fame. His mother, Zilpah (Wadsworth) Longfellow, was the daughter of General Peleg Wadsworth, who had served in the American Revolution. 1864. [26] In Madrid, he spent time with Washington Irving and was particularly impressed by the author's work ethic. The moralism of his poetry came to seem offensive and even ridiculous as critics attacked his mixed metaphors as evidence of muddled thinking. Born on February 27, 1807, in Portland (while Maine was still a part of Massachusetts), Henry Wadsworth Longfellow grew up in the thriving coastal city he remembered in My Lost Youth (1856) for its wharves and woodlands, the ships and sailors from distant lands who sparked his boyish imagination, and the historical associations of its old fort and an 1813 offshore naval battle between American and British brigs. My morning and my evening star of love!" Cookouts, fireworks, and history lessons recounted in poems, articles, and audio. As a Master NLP and Hypnosis Practitioner, Spiritual Life Coach, and Speech and Drama Teacher, Sally takes a holistic approach to voice - as an energetic channel affected by our physical . Soon afterward, however, he returned to the most American of topics in The Song of Hiawatha (1855) and to the interest in American indigenous peoples he had earlier shown at Bowdoin and in To the Driving Cloud (1845). He told her that it was not. His first major poetry collections were Voices of the Night (1839) and Ballads and Other Poems (1841). Partly because of his publishers zeal for promoting Longfellows poetry, books came in quick succession even at a point in his life when creative efforts flagged. (Even The Birds of Killingworth was adapted from an English story.) He wrote in his journal in 1878: "I have only one desire; and that is for harmony, and a frank and honest understanding between North and South". That same year Longfellow published Hyperion, a romantic novel idealizing his European travels. Learn. From holiday poems to quiet spiritual reflections, these poems and articles celebrate the interweaving of Jewish faith, cultural traditions, and literary history. New Critics looked for ironies, ambiguities, and complexities not discoverable in Longfellows work and rejected the didactic conclusions he typically tacked onto his poems. In turn, he received homage from practitioners of other arts: composers set many of his poems to music, and artists illustrated many of his scenes. [143] He had difficulty coping with the death of his second wife. [2] He grew up in what is now known as the Wadsworth-Longfellow House. Some of Longfellows sonnets and other lyrics are still among the finest in American poetry, and Hiawatha, The Wreck of the Hesperus, Evangeline, and Paul Reveres Ride have become inseparable parts of the American heritage. Longfellow himself may have recognized that the sections did not cohere and that the historical sequence ended in anticlimax; he thought of adding another drama on the Moravians of Bethlehem to show the positive influence of the Gospel, but he never carried out his intention. Flashcards. About Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. To a Lady 5. [110] In preparing the volume, Longfellow hired Katherine Sherwood Bonner as an amanuensis. Bowdoin offers Longfellow a professorship of modern languages, provided that he prepare himself for the position with a period of European travel, a proposition he . [104] Even so, he called for the development of high quality American literature, as did many others during this period. [126] At Longfellow's funeral, his friend Ralph Waldo Emerson called him "a sweet and beautiful soul". There he began courting Appleton's daughter Frances "Fanny" Appleton. [123] He wrote that Longfellow was "a determined imitator and a dextrous adapter of the ideas of other people",[122] specifically Alfred, Lord Tennyson. Two notable exceptions are dedicated to the death of members of his family. He achieved a level of national and international prominence previously unequaled in the literary history of the United States and is one of the few American writers honored in the Poets Corner of Westminster Abbeyin fact, he is believed to be the first as his bust was installed there in 1884. Longfellow was born in Portland, Maine, which was then still part of Massachusetts. Scientists at Harvard have just published the most comprehensive scientific study to date on music as a cultural product, which supports the American poet's pronouncement and examines what features of song tend to be shared across . The Divina Commedia group of six sonnets written between 1864 and 1866 honor the Tuscan poet Dantemost memorably the first, with its image of the bereaved American poet leaving my burden at this minster gate, / Kneeling in prayer, and not ashamed to pray in a quest for spiritual peace. The lady says she will not! Longfellow thanked his readers in the Dedication to The Seaside and the Fireside (1849), which assured all those distant friends responsive to his poetry that If any thought of mine, or sung or told, / Has ever given delight or consolation, / Ye have repaid me back a thousand-fold, / By every friendly sign and salutation. As the title indicates, this book maintained a balance between poems of nature invoking in various ways the poets Portland boyhood and oceanic travels and poems of home lifenotably Resignation, an elegy for his year-old daughter Fanny. Longfellow gave poetry higher standing within American society than it had enjoyed ever before, not only by exemplifying the appeal of graceful, informed writing to an exceptionally wide reading audience but also by making art itself one of his themes. [54] His friend George Stillman Hillard encouraged him in the pursuit: "I delight to see you keeping up so stout a heart for the resolve to conquer is half the battle in love as well as war". Jimmie Durham(1) Jimmie Duraham is an American artist of Cherokee descent. The poem exalts and exocitizes Native Americans and assumes the obliteration of indigenous ways of life. [111], Fellow Portland, Maine native John Neal published the first substantial praise of Longfellow's work. It is thine. Narrative poetry. Their children were: Alice Mary born in about 1850, Ernest Wadsworth born in about 1845, Charles Appleton born in about 1844, Fanny born in about 1847 and died in 1848, Edith born in 1853, and Anne Allegra born in 1855. According to Charvat, by shrewd, aggressive, and intelligent management of the business of writing, he raised the commercial value of verse and thereby helped other American poets to get out of the garret. . Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was a 19th century educationist and poet from America, who penned some of the most memorable poems in the history of American literature. Longfellow, born in Maine in 1807, became an epic poet of sorts for American history, writing about the American Revolution in the way bards of old wrote about conquests across Europe. The Song of Hiawatha is an 1855 epic poem in trochaic tetrameter by . [141] As James Russell Lowell said, Longfellow had an "absolute sweetness, simplicity, and modesty". [33] It may have been joyless work. "Resignation" was written as a response to the death of his daughter Fanny in 1848; it does not use first-person pronouns and is instead a generalized poem of mourning. He suffered from neuralgia, which caused him constant pain, and he had poor eyesight. English Literature - Jamie Handitye "Fair is foul and foul is fair" In the quote above, we are introduced to the witches in the very first scene of Macbeth. 4.33 avg rating 57 ratings. What is Longfellow's full name? A Psalm of Life (1838) expresses both the confusion of his feelings in that time of discouragement and his resolve not to succumb to mournful passivity. On the Continent he learned French, Spanish, and Italian but refused to settle down to a regimen of scholarship at any university. Longfellow had become one of the first American celebrities and was popular in Europe. Discover his most famous works and their themes and style. Still committed to the native writers of the United States, he wrote a July 1837 review in praise of Hawthornes Twice-Told Tales (1837) even as he turned his own ambitions back toward the writing of poetry. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , Voices of the Night. He wrote and edited textbooks, translated poetry and prose, and wrote essays on French, Spanish, and Italian literature, but he felt isolated. On the advice of George Ticknor of Harvard, Longfellow decided to add German to French, Spanish, and Italian. His son was injured during the war, and he wrote the poem "Christmas Bells", later the basis of the carol I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day. Now he plunged into work, translating at the rate of a canto a day. In Germany, Longfellow formed a close friendship with the poet Ferdinand Freiligrath, and in England he deepened an earlier acquaintance with Charles Dickens. Even if time has proved him something less than the master poet he never claimed to be, Longfellow made pioneering contributions to American literary life by exemplifying the possibility of a successful authorial career, by linking American poetry to European traditions beyond England, and by developing a surprisingly wide readership for Romantic poetry. [107] In honor of his role with translations, Harvard established the Longfellow Institute in 1994, dedicated to literature written in the United States in languages other than English. He wrote to friend Charles Sumner: "I do not believe anyone can be perfectly well, who has a brain and a heart". Longfellow's popularity rapidly declined, beginning shortly after his death and into the 20th century, as academics focused attention on other poets such as Walt Whitman, Edwin Arlington Robinson, and Robert Frost. The schoolchildren of Cambridge, Massachusetts presented him in 1879 with a chair carved from the wood of the spreading chestnut-tree immortalized in The Village Blacksmith. His picture appeared among Our American Poets in classrooms across the United States, thanks to Fieldss success in placing Longfellow, Ralph Waldo Emerson, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, and Oliver Wendell Holmes in textbooks that established canonical readings for many decades. The poem was extensively reviewed, translated into German by Ferdinand Freiligrath in 1856, and set to music as well as featured in dramatic performances. He achieved a level of national and international prominence previously unequaled in the literary history of the United States and is one of the few American writers. Longfellow attended private schools and the Portland Academy. In 1835, saddened by the death of his first wife, whom he had married in 1831, he settled at Heidelberg, where he fell under the influence of German Romanticism. Poet. He stifled the flames with his body, but she was badly burned. 10. His father died in 1849, his brother Stephen in 1850, and his mother in 1851. Though its account of Reveres ride is historically inaccurate, the poem created an American legend. Poetry about the joys and challenges of life post-career. 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